Hurtful behavior that is aimed at gaining something (such as a toy, a place in line, or a turn on the swing) that someone else has
Apparent from age 2 to 6; involves objects more than people; quite normal; more egocentric than antisocial.
Reactive aggression
An impulsive retaliation for a hurt (intentional or accidental) that can be verbal or physical
Indicates a lack of emotional regulation, characteristic of 2-year-olds. A 5-year-old can usually stop and think before reacting.
Relational aggression
Nonphysical acts, such as insults or social rejection, aimed at harming the social connections between the victim and others
Involves a personal attack and thus is directly antisocial; can be very hurtful; more common as children become socially aware.
Bullying aggression
Unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attack, especially on victims who are unlikely to defend themselves
In both bullies and victims, a sign of poor emotional regulation; adults should intervene before the school years. (Bullying is discussed in Chapter 8.)