27d. -ed endings

27dDo not omit -ed endings on verbs.

Speakers who do not fully pronounce -ed endings sometimes omit them unintentionally in writing. Failure to pronounce -ed endings is common in many dialects and in informal speech even in Standard English. In the following frequently used words and phrases, for example, the -ed ending is not always fully pronounced.

advised developed prejudiced supposed to
asked fixed pronounced used to
concerned frightened stereotyped

When a verb is regular, both the past tense and the past participle are formed by adding -ed (or -d) to the base form of the verb.

Past tense

Use the ending -ed or -d to express the past tense of regular verbs. The past tense is used when the action occurred entirely in the past.

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Past participles

Past participles are used in three ways: (1) following have, has, or had to form one of the perfect tenses; (2) following be, am, is, are, was, were, being, or been to form the passive voice; and (3) as adjectives modifying nouns or pronouns. The perfect tenses are listed in 27f, and the passive voice is discussed in 8a. For a discussion of participles as adjectives, see 48b.

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Has asked is present perfect tense (have or has followed by a past participle).

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Is publicized is a verb in the passive voice (a form of be followed by a past participle).

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The past participle tightened functions as an adjective modifying the noun muscles.