The following websites provide sources of data that you might want to consider for your map.
Association for Budgeting and Financial Management Index of State Databases
uic.edu/
Links to state databases on a wide range of topics.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
cdc.gov/
Data and statistics on disease in the United States. Much of the data is in tables, but you could map data from this source on a map you get from another source such as Yahoo! Maps.
DataFerrett Datasets
dataferrett.census.gov
A U.S. Census Bureau tool for generating data from a wide range of government sources. Mapping is not supported, but you could map data from this source on a map you get from another source such as Google Maps.
National Center for Education Statistics
nces.ed.gov/
Provides maps of school districts that show race and ethnicity, economics, and other data.
New York State Office of the State Comptroller: Local Government and School Accountability
osc.state.ny.us/
An interactive tool for showing where local governments get money from and what they spend it on. Limited to New York State, but you might find similar tools for other states.
U.S. Census Bureau Data Mapper
census.gov/
An interactive tool for creating maps using U.S. Census Bureau data.