Sources for By the Numbers
S-
Chapter 1
Data for total number of bachelor's degrees granted by major: Digest of Education Statistics, National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education.
Data for technology company CEO majors: “Study Finds Most Likely Tech Sector CEO Is Dave the Ivy League Ex-
Fortune 100 company CEO majors: Data from Curran Career Consulting.
Percent of Fortune 500 companies founded by immigrants or their children: Data from Partnership for a New American Economy.
Average pay by major: Data from Payscale.com
Median salaries for economics jobs: Data from Payscale.com
Chapter 2
Farm productivity yields: Data from National Agricultural Statistics Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
U.S. trade balance: Data from United States Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce.
Cost of ring workers by country: Data from World Development Indicators, The World Bank.
American attitudes on environment and economic growth: Data from Gallup.com
Chapter 3
Data for growth of Uber drivers: Hall, Jonathan and Krueger, Alan (January 2015) “An Analysis of the Labor Market for Uber's Driver-
Data for proportion of global video game revenues: Global Games Market Report; Newzoo.com
Data for total value of the worldwide online gaming market: Global Games Market Report; Newzoo.com
Total number of water bottles consumed: Data from IBWA (Interna-
Total sales of bottled water: Data from IBWA (International Bottled Water Association) “Market Report Findings” Annual Update; www.bottledwater.org
Data for College and university enrollment: Digest of Education Statistics, National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education.
Chapter 4
Data for average in-
Government subsidies for renewable energy by type: Data from Direct Federal Financial Interventions and Subsidies in Energy, U.S. Energy Information Administration.
Minimum wage by state: Data from U.S. Department of Labor.
U.S. farm subsidies: Data from Farm Subsidy Database, The Environmental Working Group, farm.ewg.org
Chapter 5
Elasticity of various goods: Data compiled from numerous studies reporting estimates for price elasticity of demand.
Elasticity of food by country: Data from U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Alternative fuel vehicles in use: Data from U.S. Department of Energy Alternative Fuel Data Center, www.afdc.energy.gov/data
Data for parking alternatives: David A. Hensher and Jenny King (2011), “Parking Demand and Responsiveness to Supply, Price and Location in Sydney Central Business District,” Transportation Research Part A, Vol. 35, No. 3, March 2011, pp. 177-
Average rise in public university tuition: Data from National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education.
Average fall in international calling rates: Author calculation using data from the Federal Communications Commission.
Chapter 6
U.S. distribution of household budgets: Data from Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
Consumer expenditures in various categories: Data from Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
Total number of passenger cars: Data from U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. Department of Transportation.
Charitable donations: Data from giving USA.com
Organic foods sales: Data from 2015 Organic Industry Survey, Organic Trade Association.
Data for NBA Jerseys: www.nba.com/2015/news/04/14/nba-
Chapter 7
The cost of industrial robots: Data from Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
Productivity rates: Data from Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
Data for size of Amazon's largest warehouse: www.wired.com/2014/06/inside-
Number of flights into and out of Memphis by FedEx: Data from flightaware.com
Data for Apple iPad cost breakdown: Digital Manufacturing: How It's Made, www.manufacturingdigital.com/news_archive/tags/apple/apple-
Online flight bookings: Data from U.S. Department of Transportation.
Online fliight check-
Chapter 8
Data for farm and farm-
Data for top tea producers: http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-
World tea production: Data from Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations.
World coffee production: Data from Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations.
Average price of soybeans, wheat, and corn: Data from Economics Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Chapter 9
Television viewership by championship: Data from Statista.com Cost of a ride on Virgin Galactic: Data from Virgingalactic.com Windows market share: Data from Netmarketshare.com
Data for most expensive drugs: Motley Fool, www.fool.com/investing/high-
Electricity demand: Data from U.S. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, www.eia.gov/electricity/data.cfm#sales
Chapter 10
Largest fast-
Wireless carriers market share: Data from strategyanalytics.com
Marathon stats: Data from ndmymarathon.com/statistics.php
Total number of Nike shoe models produced: Data from Solepedia.com
Most expensive private and public schools: Data from U.S. News and World Report.
Chapter 11
Data for fastest growing occupations: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, www.bls.gov/ooh/fastest-
Average salary for women compared with men: Data from Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
Average cost of bene ts as a percent of salary for full-
Percent of workers with exible work hours: Data from Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
Union membership as a percent of employment: Data from Bureau of Labor Statistics; U.S. Department of Labor.
Minimum wage for selected countries: Data from OECD.Stat, Organisation for Economic Co-
Chapter 12
Data for percentage of high school graduates enrolling in college and percentage of college graduates pursuing postgraduate degrees: U.S. Census Bureau, www.census.gov/hhes/school/data/cps/historical/
Data for total number of patents granted in 1980 and 2015: U.S. Patent Statistics Report, U.S. Patent and Trademark Of ce, www.uspto.gov/web/offices/ac/ido/oeip/taf/us_stat.htm
Length of high-
U.S. venture capital funds by year: Data from Dow Jones Financial Information Services; Thomson Reuters; National Venture Capital Association.
Chapter 13
Hybrid car sales by year: Data from Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Data Center; U.S. Department of Energy.
Average gasoline tax in the United States: Data from American Petroleum Institute.
Data for average gasoline tax in Britain: Fuel Duty Rates, HM Revenue & Customs.
Amount of solid waste by product (recovered and not recovered): Data from Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Fact and Figures Report, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Generation of renewable energy by source: Data from U.S. Department of Energy; www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.cfm?t=epmt_1_01_a
Annual savings from the use of LED bulbs: Data from Of ce of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, U.S. Department of Energy.
Wind generation capacity by state: Data from American Wind Energy Association.
Chapter 14
Popularity of ride sharing versus taxi: Data from Certify.com
Internet penetration rates: Data from Internet World Stats, www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm
Number of Whatsapp and Facebook users: Data from Facebook, Inc.
Number of Airbnb guests: Data from GSV Asset Management, Airbnb data: www.gsvcap.com/market-
Data for movie streaming versus DVD revenues: www.fortune.com/2015/06/03/streaming-
Chapter 15
U.S. poverty threshold: Data from U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Depart-
U.S. minimum wage: Data from Wage and Hour Division, U.S. Depart-
Poverty rates across the world: Data from The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency.
Number of Medicaid recipients: Data from Statista.com
Average monthly U.S. housing subsidy: Author calculation using budget and recipient data from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.
Percentage of Americans receiving food stamps: Data from Supple-
Chapter 16
Trade de cit as a percent of GDP: Data from Foreign Trade Division, U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce; FRED Database, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
Trade-
Medical tourism services: Data from Companion Global Healthcare, Inc.
Number of American cars sold in China: Author estimate based on sales reports from Ford, Fiat Chrysler, and General Motors.
U.S. public sentiment on lower trade barriers: Data from 2014 National Survey of American Public Opinion, Chicago Council on Global Affairs.
Buick sales in China and the United States: Data from General Motors.
Chapter 17
The Misery Index by year: Data from miseryindex.us
State and federal unemployment bene ts: Data from Pew Analysis of Congressional Budget Of ce data.
Average yearly increase in Social Security bene ts: Data from U.S. Social Security Administration, www.ssa.gov/news/cola/ automatic-
The social costs of unemployment: Author calculations based on available data.
Average cost of tuition at public and private universities by year and consumer price index: Data from National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education; U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
U.S. Index of Housing Prices: Data from Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED), Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
Chapter 18
U.S. real GDP per capita by year: Data from The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency.
GDP and real GDP growth by country: Data from World Development Indicators, The World Bank; The Economist.
Real GDP per capita and average life expectancy by country: Data from World Development Indicators, The World Bank.
The tallest buildings in the world: Information compiled from various online sources.
Chapter 19
Government spending as a percentage of GDP by year: Data from Government Publishing Of ce: www.gpo.gov/fdsys/
Average government spending per person by country: Data from The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency.
Total U.S. private domestic investment spending: Data from Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce.
Total U.S. spending by foreign consumers (exports): Data from Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce.
Top categories of personal consumption expenditures: Data from Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce.
Spending by local, state, and federal governments: Data from usgovernmentspending.com
Chapter 20
Media and entertainment revenues: Data from Statista.com
Oil consumption in the United States and China in 1985 and 2015: Data from U.S. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy.
S-
Total world aggregate demand: Data from The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency.
Increase in NASDAQ stock index value: Data from CNBC.com
Rates of home ownership by state: Data from U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce.
Chapter 21
U.S. federal government revenues: Data from Congressional Budget Of ce, www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget_economic_data
U.S. federal government expenditures: Data from Congressional Budget Of ce, www.cbo.gov/about/products/budget_economic_data
U.S. net government expenditures by year: Data from Historical Tables, Of ce of Management and Budget, The White House.
U.S. external (foreign held) debt by year: Data from U.S. Department of the Treasury. Debt to the Penny (Daily History).
Top ten creditors of U.S. Treasury Debt: Data from U.S. Department of the Treasury.
Total U.S. national debt: Data from www.usdebtclock.org
Total interest paid on the U.S. national debt: Data from Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED), Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
Chapter 22
The largest banks in the world: Data from www.relbanks.com/ worlds-
The eight most circulated currencies and currency reserves in the world: Data from International Monetary Fund.
Total value of U.S. retirement accounts: Data from ICI Retirement Industry Report, Investment Company Institute.
Total credit card debt in the United States: Data from U.S. Federal Reserve.
Chapter 23
U.S. monetary base by year: Data from Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED), Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
Euro monetary base: Data from European Central Bank.
Number of U.S. bank failures by year: Data from Historical Statistics on Banking, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insured limits: Data from Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
Federal Reserve balance sheet in 2005 and 2015: Data from U.S. Federal Reserve.
Chapter 24
U.S. 30-
Total amount of U.S. dollars and coins in circulation: Data from Treasury Bulletin, Financial Management Service, U.S. Department of the Treasury.
Total number of $100 bills in circulation: Data from Treasury Bulletin, Financial Management Service, U.S. Department of the Treasury.
Facts about one million $1 bills: Data from Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago.
Holdings of U.S. $100 bills by region: Data from U.S. Federal Reserve.
Chapter 25
U.S. median existing home prices by year: Data from Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED), Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
U.S. Index of Consumer Sentiment: Data from University of Michigan: Consumer Sentiment Index.
U.S. monthly real retail sales: Data from Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED), Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
Total U.S. jobs lost during the Great Recession: Data from Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
Total U.S. jobs created during the economic recovery: Data from Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
Value of assets purchased by the Federal Reserve quantitative easing programs: Data from U.S. Federal Reserve.
Chapter 26
Trade de cit as a percent of GDP: Data from Foreign Trade Division, U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce; FRED Database, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
Trade-
Medical tourism services: Data from Companion Global Healthcare, Inc.
Number of American cars sold in China: Author estimate based on sales reports from Ford, Fiat Chrysler, and General Motors.
U.S. public sentiment on lower trade barriers: Data from 2014 National Survey of American Public Opinion, Chicago Council on Global Affairs.
Buick sales in China and the United States: Data from General Motors.
Chapter 27
The most traded currencies in the world: Data from 2016 Triennial Central Bank Survey, Bank of International Settlements.
U.S. Dollar Index: Data from Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED), Economic Research Division, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
Total value of currency traded each day in foreign exchange markets: Data from 2016 Triennial Central Bank Survey, Bank of International Settlements.
Percent of foreign exchange trades that are speculative: Information compiled from various sources.
Value of currencies pegged to the U.S. dollar: Data from XE.com
Composition of foreign exchange transactions: Data from 2016 Triennial Central Bank Survey, Bank of International Settlements.