Multiplying a vector \(\boldsymbol{\vec{A}}\) by a scalar \(c\) gives a new vector \(\boldsymbol{\vec{E} = c\vec{A}}\) whose components are just the components of \(\boldsymbol{\vec{A}}\) multiplied by \(c\). Note that if \(c\) is negative, the sign of each vector component is reversed—which means that the direction of the vector as a whole is reversed.