• Legitimate power (comes from an individual’s role or title) • Coercive power (comes from a person’s ability to threaten or harm others) • Reward power (derived from an individual’s capacity to provide rewards) • Expert power (comes from the information or knowledge that an individual has) • Referent power (comes from the admiration, respect, or affection that followers have for the leader)

• Directive leaders (conveying specific instructions to members that help them understand expectations) • Participative leaders (view members as equals and invite collaboration) • Supportive leaders (attend to group members’ emotional needs) • Achievement-oriented leaders (set challenging goals and communicate high expectations and standards to members)

• Cognitive forces • Psychological forces • Social forces

• Identify the problem. • Analyze the problem. • Generate solutions. • Evaluate and choose a solution. • Implement the solution. • Assess the results.

• Arrive prepared with goals in mind. • Keep the group focused. • Summarize the information in the meeting periodically. • Keep an eye on the time. • Manage conflict effectively so as to reach better decisions. • Follow up with each group member after the meeting.