• Chronological pattern (presents the main points of a message sequentially, forward or backward, in a systematic, time-related way) • Topical pattern (organizes ideas on the basis of categories such as persons, places, or things) • Spatial pattern (arranges main points in terms of their physical proximity to or position in relation to each other) • Problem-solution pattern (presents an obstacle and then suggestions for overcoming it) • Cause-effect pattern (moves from the trigger of a phenomenon to the results or vice versa) • Narrative pattern (uses a story line to tie points together) • Motivated sequence pattern (uses five phases-attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action-to motivate listeners)

• Transitions • Signposts • Internal previews and summaries

• Open with a surprising or startling statement. • Tell a story. • Start with a quote. • Ask a question. • Make them laugh.

• It should signal that the speech is ending. • It should reinforce the topic, purpose, and main points of the speech. • It should be memorable and make an impact. • It should challenge the audience to respond.

• Preparation outlines (or working outlines; rough drafts that are edited repeatedly throughout the preparation process) • Speaking outlines (or delivery outlines; final speech plans, complete with details and notes)