• Selecting • Attending • Understanding • Remembering • Responding

• Informational listening (primary goal is to process and accurately understand what’s being said) • Critical listening (used to evaluate or analyze information, evidence, ideas, or opinions) • Empathic listening (when we want to know how another person is feeling) • Appreciative listening (simply enjoying the sounds we receive)

• People-oriented listening • Action-oriented listening • Content-oriented listening • Time-oriented listening

• Environmental factors • Hearing challenges from physical or medical issues • Multitasking • Boredom and overexcitement • Certain attitudes about listening • Unethical listening behaviors

• The situation we are in (a crowded restaurant versus a private living room) impacts our listening behaviors. • The nature of the relationship between the sender and receiver also impacts what is appropriate and effective communication in a given context. • Both actual listening behaviors and perceptions of appropriate listening vary among cultural groups and between genders. • Cues can be added to messages sent via electronic channels to take the place of nonverbal messages that are sent in face-to-face communication.