Table :

TABLE 12.3 The Redistribution of Wealth Caused by Inflation

Unexpected inflation (Eπ < π)

Unexpected disinflation (Eπ > π)

Expected inflation = Actual inflation (Eπ = π)

Real rate less than equilibrium rate

Real rate greater than equilibrium rate

Real rate equal to equilibrium rate

Harms lenders Benefits borrowers

Benefits lenders Harms borrowers

No redistribution of wealth