Electronic interactions in DNA. Stacking of the rings in adjacent bases of DNA involves favorable overlap of decentralized electrons above and below the plane of each base. Such molecular orbital overlap between bases (pi stacking) stabilizes the double helix. The DNA backbone is shown in white, with the phosphorus atoms of the phosphate groups in orange. Bases are colored as in Figure 3-3. The spheres indicate the van der Waals radii of the atoms in the bases.