Chapter 14. Stress and Health

14.1 Stress and Health

Topic: What is the relationship between stress and eating habits?

Statistical Concepts Covered:

In this applet, you’ll learn more about relationships by looking at categorical data. We will also discuss issues with using self-reported data.

Introduction

Your text chapter discusses the importance of healthy eating, exercise, and not smoking as part of a healthy lifestyle. All of these behaviors, however, can be affected by stress and how we cope with that stress. The data for this applet comes from a longitudinal study of 16-year-old boys and girls in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (Jääskeläinen, Nevanperä, Remes, Rahkonen, Järvelin, & Laitinen, 2014). Followed since birth, these teens were asked a variety of questions about their dietary, and other health related behaviors, as well as assessed to determine if they are a stress-driven or non-stress-driven eater. Our analysis of this data will focus on comparing the sexes (males and females) and eater types (stress-driven and non-stress-driven) for different behaviors to determine the relationship between these variables.

Richard Alan Hullinger, Indiana University, Bloomington
Melanie Maggard, University of the Rockies
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Statistical Lesson. In previous applets we considered correlations and how we use them to look at a relationship between two variables. These variables were always numerical, meaning we were looking at the relationship between two sets of numbers. Did they increase together or did one increase as the other decreased? But how do we look at a relationship when we have two variables that are categorical? Categorical variables have different groups or categories to them, such as sex, race, college major, occupation, etc. There is no single number being measured, only whether or not someone fits into a particular category.

In order to look at a relationship between these types of categorical variables, for example between sex and college major, we must use tests that compare the frequencies that make up each combination of the two variables. In this case, we’d be looking at whether or not there are any differences in the number of males or females that major in psychology, business, or biology. In other words, are females more likely to be a business, psychology, or biology major? Do females major in these topics at the same rates as males? In this applet we will be looking at the relationship between various categorical variables, such as type of eater and/or sex and eating behaviors. As with correlations, any tests that look at relationships should focus only on that relationship and not imply causality.

Question

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Correct.
Incorrect.

Question

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Correct.
Incorrect.

Question

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Correct.
Incorrect.

Question

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Correct.
Incorrect.

Question

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Correct.
Incorrect.

Question

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
Correct.
Incorrect.

Question

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
Correct.
Incorrect.

Question

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
Correct.
Incorrect.

Question

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
Correct.
Incorrect.

Question

cgi9hT6OwFPFwCSiKASW9TGrG76oQMJTiZ1bWtx2bjez/NWYYSvc/OBDsS1ZTM6R+28BbPJ+ySLsrLljWYZL2DzQjTnJtP0KTsTY0PukCH9kwsjDQMeGAAmY3T/pIwshX8ePamRag8nS8wbsGQARdWgYNvGCilUMcpEB6P1V9lMSyl47zJ2qTUayWF6T1IDKNodlHsoFOW07RnBq3JhSjcCqk5bAXxSP7lpnO2loCOG5YL+zoyem7hVio658lpHn6ED3AVGDaSZk6kRB2k3Yls5nqQgFHS+t5Zr3YrpHrn/LDTwznHtLBP1G3nNmk73xdHF81RH7Jc7SoSyd256477ZYbzWX4PfZPHKQ/k0L1D9+36tKARlwuclPiXBI6AGMrgVdD0qdYApyFespdwETWUmcbOaoOCrv3VpUSeD7TjfU4ixgnz4HKxBBRIoJGGT02XCtmXEaSh27TGVQpQo5Bkdr6Nyi7sp+3UJgabFepy0QM8AeBdEfKu6CoO19pJumVRvbENaNXxVBJXMDDY9j+0T8h+glvaAyADYOwBOePGANlwxJPc4y4q9Z0I1uCvYPAP40v7inG4wZ3IiD2ObSpf4E0waJ05IWLs4o61dNKN55k1y+Kxmf2KI1Vw3LVDNzVMzhekJmxPkPUjDEXZtgsuW7JhkltfY0CHyFLLWYznud7yytOuPA3r0DCLyoqzf1t2thmgVUS0HWAuyXtOg/MUObgj4u45pvAHk0VgBKfElpTySMq2+SsqOozBU+91Gw4yH9tG5DHTym5awViXOQtv50lBea4tuCkWPfhdLTPVDGmEN0wVF7L8flNlC+MX7YM6W3dFL2+Oc3ggw84jFeMzyjjgltvRLk7iLpMVUrvOnEBMjFo2S17HeYGngCGF+m25OJ3OQNf4XvGb+iywOo1NhLjxEtE//v9D6m7T5iuRchDaQ5SeH3X6wXwEt3YTE3XytBmA8oPFvdwVNmo5z+WV6ZOS1CIaTZtGQATOivG0R+QNSlhIV6J5XcIW5SYYSW5RknmrRmumB/pPgTXQMmeXJ8ZWSeLgBwk+K6r/JPwrCI2iGyHvey+mqXN1comilGAOKO842nXr93UEoADY/ZNDXm8u10AJ2Oatc9+nk6EaNdqXXuPmg04jzyrKyBtoSA3VBdi7hk4ennjY77lNyKIFg7nNrYf79Kx2tdFxsFcCno0+RsJY1DKG0zG9V8ETYHwsK21PBLakdFcTYZ8PfOCnKAiLQwE/yLmjAIOmnuN+6hKf5nn9qLPPttu1R3g8bQMAKiB5AegxNPMtgYmAqu6zqqEELyXimBBG5+4jAffn43QQmFdTCzWnQU6yV5h1E5wl1HTbU8JinMgdn9R/pmfh5MxlWB75cmhA1U0S7gQod+JtITN1OOVCYIgGY=
Correct.
Incorrect.

Congratulations! You have completed this activity.