Discovering Statistics
Brief Contents
Contents
To the Student
Acknowledgments
About the Author
The Nature of Statistics
1.1 Data Stories: The People Behind the Numbers
Section 1.1 Exercises
1.2 An Introduction to Statistics
Section 1.2 Summary
Section 1.2 Exercises
1.3 Gathering Data
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: Generating a Random Sample
Section 1.3 Summary
Section 1.3 Exercises
Chapter 1 Vocabulary
Chapter 1 Review Exercises
Chapter 1 QUIZ
Describing Data Using Graphs and Tables
2.1 Graphs and Tables for Categorical Data
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: Frequency Distributions, Bar Graphs, and Pie Charts
Section 2.1 Summary
Section 2.1 Exercises
2.2 Graphs and Tables for Quantitative Data
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: Quantitative Data
Section 2.2 Summary
Section 2.2 Exercises
2.3 Further Graphs and Tables for Quantitative Data
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: Time Series Plots
Section 2.3 Summary
Section 2.3 Exercises
2.4 Graphical Misrepresentations of Data
Section 2.4 Summary
Section 2.4 Exercises
Chapter 2 Vocabulary
Chapter 2 Review Exercises
Chapter 2 QUIZ
Describing Data Numerically
3.1 Measures of Center
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: Descriptive Statistics
Section 3.1 Summary
Section 3.1 Exercises
3.2 Measures of Variability
Section 3.2 Summary
Section 3.2 Exercises
3.3 Working with Grouped Data
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: Estimating the Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation for Grouped Data
Section 3.3 Summary
Section 3.3 Exercises
3.4 Measures of Relative Position and Outliers
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: Percentiles and Quartiles
Section 3.4 Summary
Section 3.4 Exercises
3.5 Five-Number Summary and Boxplots
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: Boxplots
Section 3.5 Summary
Section 3.5 Exercises
Chapter 3 Formulas and Vocabulary
Chapter 3 Review Exercises
Chapter 3 QUIZ
Correlation and Regression
4.1 Scatterplots and Correlation
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: Scatterplots and Correlation
Section 4.1 Summary
Section 4.1 Exercises
4.2 Introduction to Regression
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: Regression
Section 4.2 Summary
Section 4.2 Exercises
4.3 Further Topics in Regression Analysis
Section 4.3 Summary
Section 4.3 Exercises
Chapter 4 Formulas and Vocabulary
Chapter 4 Review Exercises
Chapter 4 QUIZ
Probability
5.1 Introducing Probability
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: Probability Simulations Using Technology
Section 5.1 Summary
Section 5.1 Exercises
5.2 Combining Events
Section 5.2 Summary
Section 5.2 Exercises
5.3 Conditional Probability
Section 5.3 Summary
Section 5.3 Exercises
5.4 Counting Methods
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: Factorials, Permutations, and Combinations
Section 5.4 Summary
Section 5.4 Exercises
Chapter 5 Formulas and Vocabulary
Chapter 5 Review Exercises
Chapter 5 QUIZ
Probability Distributions
6.1 Discrete Random Variables
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: Mean and Standard Deviation of a Discrete Random Variable
Section 6.1 Summary
Section 6.1 Exercises
6.2 Binomial Probability Distribution
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: Finding Binomial Probabilities
Section 6.2 Summary
Section 6.2 Exercises
6.3 Poisson Probability Distribution
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: Poisson Distribution
Section 6.3 Summary
Section 6.3 Exercises
6.4 Continuous Random Variables and the Normal Probability Distribution
Section 6.4 Summary
Section 6.4 Exercises
6.5 Applications of the Normal Distribution
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: Finding Areas, Probabilities, and Percentiles for Any Normal Distribution, and Constructing Normal Probability Plots
Section 6.5 Summary
Section 6.5 Exercises
6.6 Normal Approximation to the Binomial Probability Distribution
Section 6.6 Summary
Section 6.6 Exercises
Chapter 6 Formulas and Vocabulary
Chapter 6 Review Exercises
Chapter 6 QUIZ
Sampling Distributions
7.1 Central Limit Theorem for Means
Section 7.1 Summary
Section 7.1 Exercises
7.2 Central Limit Theorem for Proportions
Section 7.2 Summary
Section 7.2 Exercises
Chapter 7 Formulas and Vocabulary
Chapter 7 Review Exercises
Chapter 7 QUIZ
Confidence Intervals
8.1 Z Interval for the Population Mean
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: Z Confidence Intervals
Section 8.1 Summary
Section 8.1 Exercises
8.2 t Interval for the Population Mean
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: t Confidence Intervals
Section 8.2 Summary
Section 8.2 Exercises
8.3 Z Interval for the Population Proportion
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: Z Confidence Intervals for p
Section 8.3 Summary
Section 8.3 Exercises
8.4 Confidence Intervals for the Population Variance and Standard Deviation
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: X2 Distribution
Section 8.4 Summary
Section 8.4 Exercises
Chapter 8 Formulas and Vocabulary
Chapter 8 Review Exercises
Chapter 8 QUIZ
Hypothesis Testing
9.1 Introduction to Hypothesis Testing
Section 9.1 Summary
Section 9.1 Exercises
9.2 Z Test for the Population Mean: Critical-Value Method
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: Z test for μ
Section 9.2 Summary
Section 9.2 Exercises
9.3 Z Test for the Population Mean: -Value Method
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: Z test for μ
Section 9.3 Summary
Section 9.3 Exercises
9.4 t Test for the Population Mean
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: t test for μ
Section 9.4 Summary
Section 9.4 Exercises
9.5 Z Test for the Population Proportion
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: Z test for p
Section 9.5 Summary
Section 9.5 Exercises
9.6 Chi-Square Test for the Population Standard Deviation
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: Finding X2-value
Section 9.6 Summary
Section 9.6 Exercises
9.7 Probability of a Type II Error and the Power of a Hypothesis Test
Section 9.7 Summary
Section 9.7 Exercises
Chapter 9 Formulas and Vocabulary
Chapter 9 Review Exercises
Chapter 9 QUIZ
Two-Sample Inference
10.1 Inference for Mean Difference-Dependent Samples
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: Confidence Intervals and Hypothesis Tests for μd
Section 10.1 Summary
Section 10.1 Exercises
10.2 Inference for Two Independent Means
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: Two-Sample t Test and Confidence Interval for μ1 - μ2
Section 10.2 Summary
Section 10.2 Exercises
10.3 Inference for Two Independent Proportions
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: Z Test and Z Interval p1 - p2
Section 10.3 Summary
Section 10.3 Exercises
10.4 Inference for Two Independent Standard Deviations
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: F Test for Comparing Two Population Standard Deviations
Section 10.4 Summary
Section 10.4 Exercises
Chapter 10 Formulas and Vocabulary
Chapter 10 Review Exercises
Chapter 10 QUIZ
Categorical Data Analysis
11.1 X2 Goodness of Fit Test
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: The X2 Goodness of Fit Test
Section 11.1 Summary
Section 11.1 Exercises
11.2 X2 Tests for Independence and for Homogeneity of Proportions
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: Test for independence or Test for the Homogeneity of Proportions
Section 11.2 Summary
Section 11.2 Exercises
Chapter 11 Formulas and Vocabulary
Chapter 11 Review Exercises
Chapter 11 QUIZ
Analysis of Variance
12.1 One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: Analysis of Variance
Section 12.1 Summary
Section 12.1 Exercises
12.2 Multiple Comparisons
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: Multiple Comparisons
Section 12.2 Summary
Section 12.2 Exercises
12.3 Randomized Block Design
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: Randomized Block Design
Section 12.3 Summary
Section 12.3 Exercises
12.4 Two-Way ANOVA
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: two-way ANOVA
Section 12.4 Summary
Section 12.4 Exercises
Chapter 12 Formulas and Vocabulary
Chapter 12 Review Exercises
Chapter 12 QUIZ
Inference in Regression
13.1 Inference About the Slope of the Regression Line
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: Regression Analysis
Section 13.1 Summary
Section 13.1 Exercises
13.2 Confidence Intervals and Prediction Intervals
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: Confidence Intervals and Prediction Intervals
Section 13.2 Summary
Section 13.2 Exercises
13.3 Multiple Regression
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: Multiple Regression
Section 13.3 Summary
Section 13.3 Exercises
Chapter 13 Formulas and Vocabulary
Chapter 13 Review Exercises
Chapter 13 QUIZ
Nonparametric Statistics
14.1 Introduction to Nonparametric Statistics
Section 14.1 Summary
Section 14.1 Exercises
14.2 Sign Test
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: Sign Test
Section 14.2 Summary
Section 14.2 Exercises
14.3 Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test for Matched-Pair Data
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test
Section 14.3 Summary
Section 14.3 Exercises
14.4 Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test for Two Independent Samples
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test
Section 14.4 Summary
Section 14.4 Exercises
14.5 Kruskal-Wallis Test
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: Kruskal-Wallis Test
Section 14.5 Summary
Section 14.5 Exercises
14.6 Rank Correlation Test
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: Rank Correlation Test
Section 14.6 Summary
Section 14.6 Exercises
14.7 Runs Test for Randomness
STEP-BY-STEP TECHNOLOGY GUIDE: Runs Test for Randomness
Section 14.7 Summary
Section 14.7 Exercises
Chapter 14 Formulas and Vocabulary
Chapter 14 Review Exercises
Chapter 14 QUIZ
Appendix A
Tables Appendix
Notes and Data Sources
Index