MLA Style

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Widely used in the humanities, MLA style is fully described in the MLA Handbook (8th edition, 2016). In this discussion, we provide guidelines drawn from the MLA Handbook for in-text citations, notes, and entries in the list of works cited.

In-Text Citations

MLA style calls for in-text citations in the body of an argument to document sources of quotations, paraphrases, summaries, and so on. For in-text citations, use a signal phrase to introduce the material, often with the author’s name (As Geneva Smitherman explains, . . .). Keep an in-text citation short, but include enough information for readers to locate the source in the list of works cited. Place the parenthetical citation as near to the relevant material as possible without disrupting the flow of the sentence, as in the following examples.

1. Author Named in a Signal Phrase

Ordinarily, use the author’s name in a signal phrase to introduce the material, and cite the page number(s) in parentheses.

Ravitch chronicles how the focus in education reform has shifted toward privatizing school management rather than toward improving curriculum, teacher training, or funding (36).

2. Author Named in Parentheses

When you don’t mention the author in a signal phrase, include the author’s last name before the page number(s) in the parentheses.

Oil from shale in the western states, if it could be extracted, would be equivalent to six hundred billion barrels, more than all the crude so far produced in the world (McPhee 413).

3. Two Authors

Use all authors’ last names.

Gortner and Nicolson maintain that “opinion leaders” influence other people in an organization because they are respected, not because they hold high positions (175).

4. Three or More Authors

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When there are three or more authors, brevity (and the MLA) suggests you use the first author’s name with et al. (in regular type, not italicized).

Similarly, as Goldberger et al. note, their new book builds on their collaborative experiences to inform their description of how women develop cognitively (xii).

5. Organization as Author

Give the full name of a corporate author if it’s brief or a shortened form if it’s long.

Many global economists assert that the term “developing countries” is no longer a useful designation, as it ignores such countries’ rapid economic growth (Gates Foundation 112).

6. Unknown Author

Use the full title of the work if it’s brief or a shortened form if it’s long.

“Hype,” by one analysis, is “an artificially engendered atmosphere of hysteria” (“Today’s Marketplace” 51).

7. Author of Two or More Works

When you use two or more works by the same author, include the title of the work or a shortened version of it in the citation.

Gardner presents readers with their own silliness through his description of a “pointless, ridiculous monster, crouched in the shadows, stinking of dead men, murdered children, and martyred cows” (Grendel 2).

8. Authors with the Same Last Name

When you use works by two or more authors with the same last name, include each author’s first initial in the in-text citation.

Public health officials agree that the potential environmental risk caused by indoor residual spraying is far lower than the potential risk of death caused by malaria-carrying mosquitoes (S. Dillon 76).

9. Multivolume Work

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Note the volume number first and then the page number(s), with a colon and one space between them.

Aristotle’s “On Plants” is now available in a new translation edited by Barnes (2: 1252).

10. Literary Work

Because literary works are often available in many different editions, you need to include enough information for readers to locate the passage in any edition. For a prose work such as a novel or play, first cite the page number from the edition you used, followed by a semicolon; then indicate the part or chapter number (114; ch. 3) or act or scene in a play (42; sc. 2).

In Ben Jonson’s Volpone, the miserly title character addresses his treasure as “dear saint” and “the best of things” (1447; act 1).

For a poem, cite the stanza and line numbers. If the poem has only line numbers, use the word line(s) in the first reference (lines 33–34) and the number(s) alone in subsequent references.

On dying, Whitman speculates, “All that goes onward and outward, nothing collapses, / And to die is different from what any one supposed, and luckier” (6.129-30).

For a verse play, omit the page number, and give only the act, scene, and line numbers, separated by periods.

Before he takes his own life, Othello says he is “one that loved not wisely but too well” (5.2.348).

As Macbeth begins, the witches greet Banquo as “Lesser than Macbeth, and greater” (1.3.65).

11. Works in an Anthology

For an essay, short story, or other short work within an anthology, use the name of the author of the work, not the editor of the anthology; but use the page number(s) from the anthology.

In the end, if the black artist accepts any duties at all, that duty is to express the beauty of blackness (Hughes 1271).

12. Sacred Text

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To cite a sacred text, such as the Qur’an or the Bible, give the title of the edition you used, the book, and the chapter and verse (or their equivalent), separated by a period. In your text, spell out the names of books. In a parenthetical reference, use an abbreviation for books with names of five or more letters (for example, Gen. for Genesis).

He ignored the admonition “Pride goes before destruction, and a haughty spirit before a fall” (New Oxford Annotated Bible, Prov. 16.18).

13. Indirect Source

Use the abbreviation qtd. in to indicate that what you’re quoting or paraphrasing is quoted (as part of a conversation, interview, letter, or excerpt) in the source you’re using.

As Catherine Belsey states, “to speak is to have access to the language which defines, delimits and locates power” (qtd. in Bartels 453).

14. Two or More Sources in the Same Citation

Separate the information for each source with a semicolon.

Adefunmi was able to patch up the subsequent holes left in worship by substituting various Yoruba, Dahomean, or Fon customs made available to him through research (Brandon 115-17; Hunt 27).

15. Entire Work or One-Page Article

Include the citation in the text without any page numbers or parentheses.

Kazuo Ishiguro’s dystopian novel Never Let Me Go explores questions of identity and authenticity.

16. Nonprint or Electronic Source

Give enough information in a signal phrase or parenthetical citation for readers to locate the source in the list of works cited. Usually give the author or title under which you list the source. If the work isn’t numbered by page but has numbered sections, parts, or paragraphs, include the name and number(s) of the section(s) you’re citing. (For paragraphs, use the abbreviation par. or pars.; for section, use sec.; for part, use pt.)

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In his film version of Hamlet, Zeffirelli highlights the sexual tension between the prince and his mother.

Zora Neale Hurston is one of the great anthropologists of the twentieth century, according to Kip Hinton (par. 2).

Describing children’s language acquisition, Pinker explains that “what’s innate about language is just a way of paying attention to parental speech” (qtd. in Johnson, sec. 1).

17. Visual Included in the Text

Number all figures (photos, drawings, cartoons, maps, graphs, and charts) and tables separately.

This trend is illustrated in a chart distributed by the College Board as part of its 2014 analysis of aggregate SAT data (see fig. 1).

Include a caption with enough information about the source to direct readers to the works cited entry. (For an example of an image that a student created, see “Sample First Page for an Essay in MLA Style” in this chapter.)

Explanatory and Bibliographic Notes

We recommend using explanatory notes for information or commentary that doesn’t readily fit into your text but is needed for clarification, further explanation, or justification. In addition, bibliographic notes will allow you to cite several sources for one point and to offer thanks to, information about, or evaluation of a source. Use a superscript number in your text at the end of a sentence to refer readers to the notes, which usually appear as endnotes (with the heading Notes, not underlined or italicized) on a separate page before the list of works cited. Indent the first line of each note five spaces, and double-space all entries.

Text with Superscript Indicating a Note

Stewart emphasizes the existence of social contacts in Hawthorne’s life so that the audience will accept a different Hawthorne, one more attuned to modern times than the figure in Woodberry.³

Note

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³Woodberry does, however, show that Hawthorne was often unsociable. He emphasizes the seclusion of Hawthorne’s mother, who separated herself from her family after the death of her husband, often even taking meals alone (28). Woodberry seems to imply that Mrs. Hawthorne’s isolation rubbed off on her son.

List of Works Cited

A list of works cited is an alphabetical listing of the sources you cite in your essay. The list appears on a separate page at the end of your argument, after any notes, with the heading Works Cited centered an inch from the top of the page; don’t underline or italicize it or enclose it in quotation marks. Double-space between the heading and the first entry, and double-space the entire list. (If you’re asked to list everything you’ve read as background — not just the sources you cite — call the list Works Consulted.) The first line of each entry should align on the left; subsequent lines indent one-half inch or five spaces. See “Sample List of Works Cited for an Essay in MLA Style” for a sample works cited page.

Print Books

The basic information for a book includes four elements:

1. One Author

Larsen, Erik. Dead Wake: The Last Crossing of the Lusitania. Crown Publishers, 2015.

2. Two or More Authors

Jacobson, Sid, and Ernie Colón. The 9/11 Report: A Graphic Adaptation. Farrar, Strauss, and Giroux, 2006.

3. Organization as Author

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American Horticultural Society. The Fully Illustrated Plant-by-Plant Manual of Practical Techniques. DK, 1999.

4. Unknown Author

National Geographic Atlas of the World. National Geographic, 2004.

5. Two or More Books by the Same Author

List the works alphabetically by title. Use three hyphens for the author’s name for the second and subsequent works by that author.

Lorde, Audre. A Burst of Light. Firebrand Books, 1988.

---. Sister Outsider. Crossings Press, 1984.

6. Editor

Rorty, Amelie Oksenberg, editor. Essays on Aristotle’s Poetics. Princeton UP, 1992.

7. Author and Editor

Shakespeare, William. The Tempest. Edited by Frank Kermode, Routledge, 1994.

8. Selection in an Anthology or Chapter in an Edited Book

List the author(s) of the selection or chapter; its title; the title of the book in which the selection or chapter appears; Ed. and the name(s) of the editor(s); the publication information; and the inclusive page numbers of the selection or chapter.

Brown, Paul. “‘This thing of darkness I acknowledge mine’: The Tempest and the Discourse of Colonialism.” Political Shakespeare: Essays in Cultural Materialism, edited by Jonathan Dollimore and Alan Sinfield, Cornell UP, 1985, pp. 48-71.

9. Two or More Works from the Same Anthology

Include the anthology itself in the list of works cited.

Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., and Nellie McKay, editors. The Norton Anthology of African American Literature, Norton, 1997.

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Then list each selection separately by its author and title, followed by a cross-reference to the anthology.

Karenga, Maulana. “Black Art: Mute Matter Given Force and Function.” Gates and McKay, pp. 1973-77.

Neal, Larry. “The Black Arts Movement.” Gates and McKay, pp. 1960-72.

10. Translation

Hietamies, Laila. Red Moon over White Sea. Translated by Borje Vahamaki, Aspasia Books, 2000.

11. Edition Other Than the First

Lunsford, Andrea A., et al. Everything’s an Argument with Readings. 7th ed., Bedford/St. Martin's, 2016.

12. Graphic Narrative

If the words and images are created by the same person, cite a graphic narrative just as you would a book (see item 1 above).

Bechdel, Alison. Are You My Mother? Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2012.

If the work is a collaboration, indicate the author or illustrator who is most important to your research before the title. Then list other contributors in order of their appearance on the title page. Label each person’s contribution to the work.

Stavans, Ilan, writer. Latino USA: A Cartoon History. Illustrated by Lalo Arcaraz, Basic Books, 2000.

13. One Volume of a Multivolume Work

Byron, Lord George. Byron’s Letters and Journals. Edited by Leslie A. Marchand, vol. 2, John Murray, 1973. 12 vols.

14. Two or More Volumes of a Multivolume Work

Byron, Lord George. Byron’s Letters and Journals. Edited by Leslie A. Marchand, John Murray, 1973-82. 12 vols.

15. Preface, Foreword, Introduction, or Afterword

Dunham, Lena. Foreword. The Liars' Club, by Mary Karr, Penguin Classics, 2015, pp. xi-xiii.

16. Article in a Reference Work

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Robinson, Lisa Clayton. “Harlem Writers Guild.” Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. 2nd ed., Oxford UP, 2005.

17. Book That Is Part of a Series

Include the title and number of the series after the publication information.

Moss, Beverly J. A Community Text Arises. Hampton, 2003. Language and Social Processes Ser. 8.

18. Republication

Trilling, Lionel. The Liberal Imagination. 1950. Introduction by Louis Menand, New York Review of Books, 2008.

19. Government Document

Canada, Minister of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development. 2015-16 Report on Plans and Priorities. Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2015.

20. Pamphlet

The Legendary Sleepy Hollow Cemetery. Friends of Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, 2008.

21. Published Proceedings of a Conference

Meisner, Marx S., et al., editors. Communication for the Commons: Revisiting Participation and Environment. Proceedings of Twelfth Biennial Conference on Communication and the Environment, 6-11 June 2015, Swedish U of Agricultural Sciences, International Environmental Communication Association, 2015.

22. Title within a Title

Shanahan, Timothy. Philosophy and Blade Runner. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.

Print Periodicals

The basic entry for a periodical includes three elements:

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For works with multiple authors, only the first author’s name is inverted. Note that the period following the article title goes inside the closing quotation mark.

23. Article in a Print Journal

Give the issue number, if available.

Matchie, Thomas. “Law versus Love in The Round House.” Midwest Quartley, vol. 56, no. 4, Summer 2015, pp. 353-64.

Fuqua, Amy. “‘The Furrow of His Brow’: Providence and pragmatism in Toni Morrison's Paradise.” Midwest Quartely, vol. 54, no. 1, Autumn 2012, pp. 38-52.

24. Article That Skips Pages

Seabrook, John. “Renaissance Pears.” The New Yorker, 5 Sept. 2005, pp. 102+.

25. Article in a Print Monthly Magazine

Kunzig, Robert. “The Will to Change.” National Geographic, Nov. 2015, pp. 32-63.

26. Article in a Print Weekly Magazine

Grossman, Lev. “A Star Is Born.” Time, 2 Nov. 2015, pp. 30-39.

27. Article in a Print Newspaper

Bray, Hiawatha. “As Toys Get Smarter, Privacy Issues Emerge.” The Boston Globe, 10 Dec. 2015, p. C1.

28. Editorial or Letter to the Editor

Posner, Alan. “Colin Powell’s Regret.” The New York Times, 9 Sept. 2005, p. A20.

29. Unsigned Article

“Court Rejects the Sale of Medical Marijuana.” The New York Times, 26 Feb. 1998, late ed., p. A21.

30. Review

Walton, James. “Noble, Embattled Souls.” Review of The Bone Clocks and Slade House, by David Mitchell, The New York Review of Books, 3 Dec. 2015, pp. 55-58.

Digital Sources

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Most of the following models are based on the MLA’s guidelines for citing electronic sources in the MLA Handbook (8th edition, 2016), as well as on up-to-date information available at its Web site (mla.org). The MLA advocates the use of URLs but prefers a Digital Object Indicator (DOI) where available. A DOI is a unique number assigned to a selection, and doesnot change regardless of where the item is located online. The basic MLA entry for most electronic sources should include the following elements:

31. Document from a Web Site

Begin with the author, if known, followed by the title of the work, title of the Web site, publisher or sponsor (if it is notably different from the title of the Web site), date of publication or last update, and the Digital Object Identifier or URL. If no publication or update date is available, please include a date of access at the end.

“Social and Historical Context: Vitality.” Arapesh Grammar and Digital Language Archive Project, Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities, www.arapesh.org/socio_historical_context_vitality.php. Accessed 22 Mar. 2016.

32. Entire Web Site

Include the name of the person or group who created the site, if relevant; the title of the site, italicized; the publisher or sponsor of the site; the date of publication or last update; and the URL.

Railton, Stephen. Mark Twain in His Time. Stephen Railton / U of Virginia Library, 2012, twain.lib.virginia.edu/.

Halsall, Paul, editor. Internet Modern History Sourcebook. Fordham U, 4 Nov. 2011, legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/index.asp.

33. Course, Department, or Personal Web Site

For a course Web site, include the instructor’s name; the title of the site, italicized; a description of the site (such as Course home page, Department home page, or Home page — not italicized); the sponsor of the site (academic department and institution); dates of the course or last update to the page; and the URL. Note that the MLA spells home page as two separate words. For an academic department, list the name of the department; a description; the academic institution; the date the page was last updated and the URL.

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Film Studies. Department home page. Wayne State University, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, 2016, clas.wayne.edu/FilmStudies/.

Masiello, Regina. 355:101: Expository Writing. Rutgers School of Arts and Sciences, 2016, wp.rutgers.edu/courses/55-355101.

34. Online Book

Cite an online book as you would a print book. After the print publication information (if any), give the title of the Web site or database in which the book appears, italicized; and the DOI or URL.

Riis, Jacob A. How the Other Half Lives: Studies among the Tenements of New York. Edited by David Phillips, Scribner’s, 1890. The Authentic History Center, www.authentichistory.com/1898-1913/2-progressivism/2-riis/.

Treat a poem, essay, or other short work within an online book as you would a part of a print book. After the print publication information (if any), give the title of the Web site or database, italicized; and the DOI or URL.

Milton, John. Paradise Lost: Book I. Poetry Foundation, 2014, www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/174987.

35. Article in a Journal on the Web

For an article in an online journal, cite the same information that you would for a print journal. Then add the DOI or URL.

Bryson, Devin. “The Rise of a New Senegalese Cultural Philosophy?” African Studies Quarterly, vol. 14, no. 3, Mar. 2014, pp. 33-56, asq.africa.ufl.edu/files/Volume-14-Issue-3-Bryson.pdf.

36. Article in a Magazine or Newspaper on the Web

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For an article in an online magazine or newspaper, cite the author; the title of the article, in quotation marks; the name of the magazine or newspaper, italicized; the date of publication; and the URL of the page you accessed.

Leonard, Andrew. “The Surveillance State High School.” Salon, 27 Nov. 2012, www.salon.com/2012/11/27/the_surveillance_state_high_school/.

Crowell, Maddy. “How Computers Are Getting Better at Detecting Liars.” The Christian Science Monitor, 12 Dec. 2015, www.csmonitor.com/Science/Science-Notebook/2015/1212/How-computers-are-getting-better-at-detecting-liars.

37. Entry in a Web Reference Work

Cite the entry as you would an entry from a print reference work (see item 16). Follow with the name of the Web site, the date of publication, and the URL of the site you accessed.

Durante, Amy M. “Finn Mac Cumhail.” Encyclopedia Mythica, 17 Apr. 2011, www.pantheon.org/articles/f/finn_mac_cumhail.html.

38. Post or Comment on a Web Site

Begin with the author’s name; the title of the posting, in quotation marks (if there is no title, use the description Weblog post or Weblog comment, not italicized); the name of the blog, italicized; the sponsor of the blog; the date of the most recent update; and the URL of the page you accessed.

mitchelfreedman. Comment on “Cloud Atlas's Theory of Everything,” by Emily Eakin. NYR Daily, NYREV, 3 Nov. 2012, www.nybooks.com/daily/2012/11/ 02/ken-wilber-cloud-atlas/.

39. Entry in a Wiki

Since wikis are collectively edited, do not include an author. Treat a wiki as you would a work from a Web site (see item 31). Include the title of the entry; the name of the wiki, italicized; the date of the latest update; and the URL of the page you accessed.

“House Music.” Wikipedia, 16 Nov. 2015, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_music.

40. Posting on a Social Networking Site

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To cite a posting on Facebook or another social networking site, include the writer’s name, a description of the posting, the date of the posting, and the URL of the page you accessed.

Bedford English. “Stacey Cochran explores Reflective Writing in the classroom and as a writer: http://ow.ly/YkjVB.” Facebook, 15 Feb. 2016, www.facebook.com/BedfordEnglish/posts/10153415001259607.

41. Email or Message on a Social Networking Site

Include the writer’s name; the subject line, in quotation marks (for email); Received by (not italicized or in quotation marks) followed by the recipient’s name; the date of the message. You do not need to include the medium, but may if you are concerned there will be confusion.

Thornbrugh, Caitlin. “Coates Lecture.” Received by Rita Anderson, 20 Oct. 2015.

42. Tweet

Include the writer’s real name, if known, with the user name (if different) in parentheses. If you don’t know the real name, give just the user name. Include the entire tweet, in quotation marks. Include the publisher (Twitter) in italics, follow by the date and time of the message and the URL.

Curiosity Rover. “Can you see me waving? How to spot #Mars in the night sky: https://youtu.be/hv8hVvJlcJQ.” Twitter, 5 Nov. 2015, 11:00 a.m., twitter.com/marscuriosity/status/672859022911889408.

43. Work from an Online Database or a Subscription Service

For a work from an online database, list the author’s name; the title of the work, in quotation marks; any print publication information; the name of the database, italicized; and the DOI or URL.

Goldsmith, Oliver. The Vicar of Wakefield: A Tale. Philadelphia, 1801. America's Historical Imprints, infoweb.newsbank.com.ezproxy.bpl.org/.

For a work from an online service to which your library subscribes, include the same information as for an online database. After the information about the work, give the name of the database, italicized; and the DOI or URL.

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Coles, Kimberly Anne. “The Matter of Belief in John Donne's Holy Sonnets.” Renaissance Quarterly, vol. 68, no. 3, Fall 2015, pp. 899-931. JSTOR, doi:10.1086/683855.

“The Road toward Peace.” The New York Times, 15 Feb. 1945, p. 18 Editorial. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times, search.proquest.com/hnpnewyorktimes.

44. Computer Software or Video Game

Include the title, italicized; the version number (if given); and publication information. If you are citing material downloaded from a Web site, include the title and version number (if given), but instead of publication information, add the publisher or sponsor of the Web site; the date of publication; and the URL.

Edgeworld. Atom Entertainment, 1 May 2012, www.kabam.com/games/edgeworld.

Words with Friends. Version 5.84. Zynga, 2013.

Other Sources (Including Online Versions)

45. Unpublished Dissertation

Abbas, Megan Brankley. “Knowing Islam: The Entangled History of Western Academia and Modern Islamic Thought.” Dissertation, Princeton U, 2015.

46. Published Dissertation

Kidd, Celeste. Rational Approaches to Learning and Development. Dissertation, U of Rochester, 2013.

47. Article from a Microform

Sharpe, Lora. “A Quilter’s Tribute.” The Boston Globe, 25 Mar. 1989, p. 13, microform. NewsBank: Social Relations 12, 1989, fiche 6, grids B4-6.

48. Personal, Published, or Broadcast Interview

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For a personal interview, list the name of the person interviewed, the label Personal interview (not italicized), and the date of the interview.

Ashdown, Audrey. Personal interview, 1 Jan. 2015.

For a published interview, list the name of the person interviewed and the title (if any), or if there is no title, use the label Interview by [interviewer’s name] (not italicized); then add the publication information, including the URL if there is one.

Weddington, Sarah. “Sarah Weddington: Still Arguing for Roe.” Interview by Michele Kort, Ms., Winter 2013, pp. 32-35.

Jaffry, Madhur. “Madhur Jaffrey on How Indian Cuisine Won Western Taste Buds.” Interview by Shadrach Kabango, Q, CBC Radio, 28 Oct. 2015, www.cbc.ca/1.3292918.

For a broadcast interview, list the name of the person interviewed, the label Interview (not italicized), and the name of the interviewer (if relevant); then list information about the program, the date of the interview, and the URL, if applicable.

Fairey, Shepard. “Spreading the Hope: Street Artist Shepard Fairey.” Interview by Terry Gross. Fresh Air, National Public Radio, WBUR, Boston, 20 Jan. 2009.

Putin, Vladimir. Interview by Charlie Rose. Charlie Rose: The Week, PBS, 19 June 2015.

49. Letter

Treat a published letter like a work in an anthology, but include the date of the letter.

Jacobs, Harriet. “To Amy Post.” 4 Apr. 1853, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, edited by Jean Fagan Yellin, Harvard UP, 1987, pp. 234-35.

50. Film

For films, ordinarily begin with the title, followed by the director and major performers. If your essay or project focuses on a major person related to the film, such as the director, you can begin with that name or names, followed by the title and performers.

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Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance). Directed by Alejandro González Iñárritu, performances by Michael Keaton, Emma Stone, Zach Galifianakis, Edward Norton, and Naomi Watts, Fox Searchlight, 2014.

Scott, Ridley, director. The Martian. Performances by Matt Damon, Jessica Chastain, Kristen Wiig, and Kate Mara, Twentieth Century Fox, 2015.

51. Television or Radio Program

“Free Speech on College Campuses.” Washington Journal, narrated by Peter Slen, C-SPAN, 27 Nov. 2015.

“Take a Giant Step.” Prairie Home Companion, narrated by Garrison Keilor, American Public Media, 27 Feb. 2016, prairiehome.publicradio.org/listen/full/?name=phc/2016/02/27/phc_20160227_128.

52. Online Video Clip

Cite a short online video as you would a work from a Web site (see item 31).

Nayer, Vineet. “Employees First, Customers Second.” YouTube, 9 June 2015, www.youtube.com/watch?v=cCdu67s_C5E.

53. Sound Recording

Blige, Mary J. “Don't Mind.” Life II: The Journey Continues (Act 1), Geffen, 2011.

54. Work of Art or Photograph

List the artist or photographer; the work’s title, italicized; and the date of composition. Then cite the name of the museum or other location and the city.

Bradford, Mark. Let's Walk to the Middle of the Ocean. 2015, Museum of Modern Art, New York.

Feinstein, Harold. Hangin' Out, Sharing a Public Bench, NYC. 1948, Panopticon Gallery, Boston.

To cite a reproduction in a book, add the publication information.

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O'Keeffe, Georgia. Black and Purple Petunias. 1925, private collection. Two Lives: A Conversation in Paintings and Photographs, edited by Alexandra Arrowsmith and Thomas West, HarperCollins, 1992, p. 67.

To cite artwork found online, add the title of the database or Web site, italicized; and the URL of the site you accessed.

Clough, Charles. January Twenty-First. 1988-89 Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha, www.joslyn.org/collections-and-exhibitions/permanent-collections/modern-and-contemporary/charles-clough-january-twenty-first/.

55. Lecture or Speech

Smith, Anna Deavere. “On the Road: A Search for American Character.” National Endowment for the Humanities, John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, Washington, 6 Apr. 2015. Address.

56. Performance

The Draft. By Peter Snoad, directed by Diego Arciniegas, Hibernian Hall, Boston, 10 Sept. 2015.

57. Map or Chart

“Map of Sudan.” Global Citizen, Citizens for Global Solutions, 2011, globalsolutions.org/blog/bashir#.VthzNMfi_FI.

58. Cartoon

Zyglis, Adam. “City of Light.” Buffalo News, 8 Nov. 2015, adamzyglis.buffalonews.com/2015/11/08/city-of-light/. Cartoon.

59. Advertisement

Banana Republic. Wired, Sept. 2009, p. 13. Advertisement.

In the sample page below, note the formatting of the first page of a sample essay written in MLA style. It is followed by a sample works cited page written for the same student essay.