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INDEX |
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A academic arguments, 379–411 data collection for, 420–26 developing, 385–95 samples of, 396–405 understanding, 380–84 academic integrity, 455–64 accuracy, of print sources, 431 ad hominem arguments, 78–79 advertisement, citing, in MLA style, 484 afterword, citing, in MLA style, 474 Aguilar, Wendy, “Talk About It, Be About It,” 670 Alexie, Sherman, 103–4, 311 Alleman, Heather Tew, 79 allusion, 138 Amaechi, John, 283–84 American Psychological Association (APA). See APA style analogies, 319–20 faulty, 84–85 as logical structure for argument, 68 anaphora, 326–27 Anderson, Nick, cartoon, 751 Anderson, Wes, 424 anecdotes, in Toulmin argument, 132 Angelou, Maya, 316 annotated bibliography, 454 anthologies, in MLA style, 469 antithesis, 327 antonomasia, 320 anxiety, public speaking and, 357–58 APA style content notes in, 490 example of, 500–502 first text page in, 500 in-text citations in, 487–90 online sources in, 489–90, 494–98, 499 other sources in, 498–99 |
quotations in, 445 References list in, 490–99, 502 signal verbs in, 447 title page in, 500 for visuals, 321 appeals, 21–26 emotional, 23 ethical, 23–24 logical, 24–26 “Appropriating Native American Imagery Honors No One but the Prejudice” (Stretten), 522–25 “Are Engineered Foods Evil?” (Freedman), 630–38 arguments, 11. See also specific types and topics academic, 379–411 arrangement and media of, 101–2 causal, 240–71 classifying, 52 to convince, 7 cultural contexts for, 66–67 definitional, 18, 185–209 emotion-based, 9, 34–36, 38–39 evaluations and, 19, 210–39 to explore, 11 factual, 17–18, 51–70, 152–84 fallacies of, 71–86 about future, 14 to inform, kinds of, 17–21 logical appeals as, 24, 33, 51–70 to make decisions, 10 makers of, 91–92 media uses in, 101 multimedia, 361–75 occasions for, 12–17 to persuade, 8–9 about present, 14–16 presentation methods, 344–60 proposal, 20 reasons for6–12 rhetoric and, 11 sentence structure and, 312–13 structuring, 101–2, 121–50 style in, 102–4, 307–29 |
Toulmin, 65–66, 130–44 for understanding, 11 understanding purpose of, 90–91 visual, 104, 330–43 Aristotle on classifying arguments, 52 enthymeme and, 65–66 on ethos, 42 on forensic arguments, 13 on rhetoric, 12 Armstrong, Neil, 275 Arnold, Eve, 335 articles, citing in APA style, 492, 495 in MLA style, 469, 475, 476 Web journals, in MLA style478 artistic proofs52–53 artwork, citing, in MLA style, 483 attention, managing, 437 “Attention Whole Foods Shoppers” (Paarlberg), 610–18 audience. See also readers for academic argument, 387 appeals to, 21–26 assessing, 347 connecting with, 43–45 identifying and appealing to, 92–95 for multimedia arguments, 369 for new media, 365–67 for proposals, 278 for sources authorities, in Toulmin argument, 132 authority claims of, 45–47 establishing, 46 images for, 335–37 authors in APA style, 487–89, 490 in MLA style, 467–68, 472–75 reliability of, 420–21 of sources, 430 |
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B Bandow, Doug, 284–85 bandwagon appeals fallacy, 75–76 Barbour, Sara, 253–54 bar charts, 391 Barry, Dave, 249 Bechdel, Alison, 222, 223 begging the question fallacies, 81 beliefs, core principles and, 44 Bennett, Clay, cartoon, 519 Bennett, Lerone, Jr., 327 Berl, Rachel Pomerance, 241 Bernstein, Richard, 46 Bias in questionnaires, 422 in sources, 428–29 Biba, Erin, 323 bibliographic notes, in MLA style, 471–72 Bibliography, in APA style, 490 |
blogs, 373–74 reliability of, 429 books, citing in MLA style, 472–74 online in MLA style, 478 in series, in MLA style, 475 “both/and” solutions, 11 Boxer, Sarah, 394 boxes, 340 boyd, danah, and Kate Crawford, “Six Provocations for Big Data,” 754–61 Boyle, Jamie, 384 brackets, for quotations, 445 Breen, Mike, 273 Brooks, David, 44 “It’s Not about You,” 105, 106–8 Brown, Brian P., Melinda C. R. Burgess, Karen E. Dill, S. Paul Stermer, and Stephen R. Burgess, “Playing with Prejudice: The Prevalence and Consequences of Racial Stereotypes in Video Games,” 551–58 |
Brown, Emma, 19 Brown, Tiffany Lee, 325 Bryant, Kobe, 283 Burgess, Melinda C. R., Karen E. Dill, S. Paul Stermer, Stephen R. Burgess, and Brian P. Brown, “Playing with Prejudice: The Prevalence and Consequences of Racial Stereotypes in Video Games,” 551–58 Burgess, Stephen R., Melinda C. R. Burgess, Karen E. Dill, S. Paul Stermer, and Brian P. Brown, “Playing with Prejudice: The Prevalence and Consequences of Racial Stereotypes in Video Games,” 551–58 Bush, George W., 38 |
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C Calegari, Nínive, 68 Callebaut, Vincent, 287 “Call to Improve Campus Accessibility, A” (Deshpande), 295–302 “Campus More Colorful Than Reality, A: Beware That College Brochure” (Prichep), 678–81 “Can a Playground Be Too Safe?” (Tierney), 268–71 captions, in MLA style, 469–70 Carlisle, Julia, 102 Carr, Nicholas, 173 Carretta, Vincent, 161 Carroll, James, 41 Carson, Rachel, 244–45 cartoons citing, in MLA style, 484 on privacy issue, 751–52 as visual arguments, 517–20 Cashin, Sheryll, “Introduction from Place, Not Race: A New Vision of Opportunity in America,” 712–22 Castro, Jason, 393 causal arguments, 240–71 categorizing, 246–48 conclusions in, 248 defining relationships in, 250–52 design and visuals in, 254–55, 256 developing, 248–56 moving through series of links, 245–46 organizing, 260, 261 as parts of other arguments, 242 reviewing, 260–62 samples of, 264–67, 268–71 stating cause and examining effects, 243–44 stating effect and tracing to causes, 244–46 style for, 261–62 supporting point in, 252–54 Toulmin terms for, 259 types of, 243–46 writing guidelines for, 257–62 cause and effect. See causal arguments ceremonial arguments, 14–15 ceremonial rhetoric, 211 Cernan, Eugene, 275 character arguments. See ethical appeals (ethos) charts. See also graphs bar, 391 citing in MLA style, 471, 484 pie charts, 340 Chidiac, George, 344, 348–50 “China: The Prizes and Pitfalls of Progress” (Xue), 406–9 Chisholm, Latisha, 15 Chokshi, Niraj, 58–59 Chou, Hui-Tzu Grace, 56–57 Chung, Jack, 384 |
circumstantial evidence, 437–38 citations. See also documentation in academic argument, 392 documentation principles and, 458–59 for paraphrases, 440 cited passage, MLA style for, 461 claims for academic argument, 386 for causal arguments, 248–50, 258–59 for definitional arguments, 194, 196–97, 200 developing or supporting, 450 in evaluations, 219–21, 226, 227, 229 examples of, 137 for factual arguments, 168 in proposals, 281–83, 289, 291–92 refining, 160–61 in rhetorical analysis, 98–99, 101, 112–13, 115–16 tentative, 193–94 in Toulmin argument, 130–31, 139, 149 clarification, sources for, 447–51 class discussions, 345–46 classical oration, 122–25 parts of, 122, 123 climactic order, in presentation, 354–55 Cloud, John, 21 “Coca-Cola’s Multilingual ‘America’ Ad Didn’t Hit Any Wrong Notes,” 570–72 Cole, James S., and Young M. Kim, “Student Veterans/Service Members’ Engagement in College and University Life and Education,” 688–700 collaborations acknowledging, 462–63 in MLA style, 474 Collins, Coleman, “You Are Not Colorblind,” 676 colloquial words and phrases, 310 colons, 315 color, emotional responses to, 334 common sense, in straight talk, 94 composition, of rhetorical analysis, 89–90 compromise, Tannen on, 144, 145–48 computer software, citing in APA style, 496 in MLA style, 481 concepts, defining, 449 conclusions, in presentations, 351–52 conditions of rebuttal, 141–42 conference proceedings, citing, in MLA style, 475 confirmatio, 122 |
connecting with audience, trustworthiness and credibility for, 43–45 connotation, 311 content, of presentation, 347 content notes, in APA style, 490 context, in rhetorical analysis, 88, 115 copyrighted material, 456, 459 checking for, 343 fair use of, 460 notice or symbol for, 459 permission for Internet sources, 459–60 core principles, beliefs and, 44 Costas, Bob, 37, 222 counterarguments, highlighting, 450–51 “crap detection,” 153, 432–34 Crawford, Kate, and danah boyd, “Six Provocations for Big Data,” 754–61 Creative Commons license, 459 credentials, of authors, publishers, or sponsors, 430 credibility building with audiences, 92–93 images for, 335–37 style and, 102 tone and, 45 trustworthiness and, 43–45 credit(s) for collaborative work, 463 for copyrighted material, 460 crediting sources, 458–59 Crews, Harry, 393 critical reading, for pathos, 29–31 critical thinking about character-based arguments, 42–43 about hard evidence, 52–55 about own arguments, 33–34 cross-cultural communications, 126 Cruz, Ted, 4 Crystal, David, 441, 443 cultural contexts of cartoons, 517–20 ethos and, 49 logos and, 66–67 “normal” thinking and, 27 organization of argument and, 150 of rhetorical situation, 415 speaking up in class and, 346 style issues and, 329 cultural Web sites, 364 culture, stereotypes by, 507–67 currency, of print sources, 431 dashes, 216 |
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D data collecting, 420–26 quantitative, 413 from research sources, 415–19 databases, 416–17 articles in MLA style, 480 articles in APA style, 495–96 searching, 419 Davidson, Amy, “Four Ways the Riley Ruling Matters for the NSA,” 786–90 decision-making, arguments for, 10 Declaration of Independence, classical oration structure of, 124–25 deductive reasoning, 121 syllogism as, 63–64, 65 Deering, John, cartoon, 520 definitional arguments, 18, 185–209 claims for, 194, 196–97 design and visuals in, 197–98 developing, 193–98 kinds of definition and, 189–93 matching claims to, 196–97 organization in, 204 samples of, 207, 208–9 style in, 204 Toulmin argument and, 195 definitional claims, 200, 201 definitions in causal arguments, 247–48 of concepts, 449 crafting of, 195–96 by example, 192–93 formal, 189–90 operational, 190–92 degree, as logical structure for argument, 67 deliberative arguments, 14 delivery, of presentation, 357–59 |
Deloch-Hughes, Edye, 88–89 Derse, Elizabeth, 393 Deshpande, Manasi, 450 “Call to Improve Campus Accessibility, A,” 295–302 design in causal arguments, 254–55 in definitional arguments, 197–98 ethos reflected in, 337–38 in evaluations, 223, 224 of factual argument, 164–66 information conveyed by, 340 of multimedia arguments, 369–70 for pathos, 332–33 in proposals, 286–87 details, for presentation, 350–51 Deutsch, Barry, cartoon, 519 diagrams, 341. See also graphics Dickens, Charles, 163–64, 328 diction, in presentation, 352–53 digital documents, 390. See also Web sites digital sources. See also online sources analyzing, 100 in MLA style, 476 DiIulio, John J., Jr., 55–56 Dill, Karen E., Melinda C. R. Burgess, S. Paul Stermer, Stephen R. Burgess, and Brian P. Brown, “Playing with Prejudice: The Prevalence and Consequences of Racial Stereotypes in Video Games,” 551–58 “Disability and the Media: Prescriptions for Change” (Riley), 527–35 |
“Discussion of Limitations and Issues for a Global Language, A” (Montgomery), 577–83 discussions, class and public, 345–46 dissertations, citing in APA style, 498 in MLA style, 481 “Diversified Farm Prospers in Oregon’s Willamette Valley by Going Organic and Staying Local, A” (Mortenson), 653–55 diversity on campus, 668–731 posters about, 670–76 “Diversity Is the Largest Picture” (Whittemore), 673 “Diversity Makes Life Interesting” (Kenney), 674 documentation, 465–503. See also APA style; MLA style for academic argument, 388–89 legal, 772–73 principles of, 458–59 in rhetorical analysis, 117 systems of, 388–89 documented sources, 100 Dodick, David W., 382 dogmatism fallacies, 77–78 Dohn, Jeremiah, 373 Dolan, Jon, 310 domain names, assessing, 433 “Dota 2: The Face of Professional Gaming” (Jiang), 264–67 Douglass, Frederick, 127–28 drafts of questionnaires, 424 reflecting on, 391–92 drawings, 341 Dubner, Stephen J., 155 DVD, citing, in APA style, 498 |
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E Eastwood, Clint, 314 Ebert, Roger, 216–17, 218 Edge, Nicholas, 56–57 editing, 392 editions, citing in APA style, 492 in MLA style, 474 editor, citing in APA style, 492 in MLA style, 473 editorials, citing, in MLA style, 476 Edwards, Russell, 438 Eggers, Dave, 68 either/or choices, 72–73 electronic sources. See online sources ellipsis marks, 314, 316 for quotations, 445 email, citing in APA style, 489–91, 498 in MLA style, 480 emotional appeals (pathos), 9, 23, 28–39, 139 arguments based on, 38–39 arguments sustained with, 34–36 fallacies of, 72–76 humor in, 36–38 images and visual design for, 332–33 logical claims and, 33–34 rhetorical analysis of, 95–97 using, 31–34 Englehart, Bob, 7, 8 enthymeme, 65–66, 139 entire works, in MLA style, 469 |
epideictic arguments, 14–15, 16, 211 Epstein, Eva, 325–26 Equiano, Olaudah, 161 equivocations, as fallacies, 82 ethical appeals (ethos), 23–24 authority through, 45–47, 49 character-based arguments and, 40–50 critical thinking about, 42–43 cultural context for argument and, 49 fallacies of, 76–79 honesty about motives and, 47–48 in own writing, 48 personal image and, 336 rhetorical analysis of, 97–98 trustworthiness, credibility, and, 43–45 visuals for, 335 ethnographic observations, in causal arguments, 253 ethos. See ethical appeals (ethos) evaluations, 19, 210–39 characterizing, 214–17 claims in, 219–21, 226, 227, 229, criteria of, 212–14, 218–19 design and visuals for, 223, 224 developing, 217–24 evidence in, 221–22, 223, 229 format and media for, 228 organization of, 228, 229–30 of print sources, 430–32 qualitative and quantitative, 214–17 reviewing, 228–30 |
samples of, 232–36, 237–39 of sources, 427–35 style in, 229–30 Toulmin structure for, 227 writing guidelines for, 225 Eveleth, Rose, “Saving Languages through Korean Soap Operas,” 596–98 evidence, 412–26 for academic arguments, 387–88 analyzing, 101 backing, 138–39 choosing, 161–63 circumstantial, 437–38 critical thinking about, 52–55 for definitional argument claims, 203 in evaluations, 221–22, 223, 229 for factual arguments, 171 hard, 214 presenting, 163–64, 221–22, 223 from research sources, 415–19 for rhetorical analysis, 115, 116, 413–15 in Toulmin argument, 131–33, 139 evocative language, in emotional appeals, 96–97 examples, definitions by, 192–93 exclamation point, 314 exordium, 122 experiments, data collection through, 420 explanatory notes, in MLA style, 471–72 exploratory arguments, 11 |
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F Facebook, friending on, 208–9, 323 facts. See also data as evidence, 55–57 in Toulmin argument, 132 factual arguments, 17–18, 51–70, 152–84 characterizing, 154–55 design and visuals and, 164–66 developing, 155–66 graphics for, 54 hypotheses in, 154–55, 159 issues for, 157–58 reason and common sense in, 63–67 rhetorical analysis of, 98–100 samples of, 174–79, 180–84 samples of claims for, 168 statistics for, 57–60 surveys and polls for, 60–62 testimonies and narratives for, 62–63 in Toulmin terms, 169 writing guides for, 167–72 “fair use,” 460 Fallaci, Oriana, 414 fallacies, 71–86 defined, 71–72 |
of emotional argument, 72–76 of ethical argument, 76–79 of logical argument, 79–86 Fallon, Claire, 309 false authority appeals, 76–77 Fantz, Ashley, 59 faulty analogy fallacies, 84–85 faulty causality fallacies, 80–81 field research, assessing, 434–35 figurative language, 317–28 film, citing in APA style, 498 in MLA style, 482–83 fonts, 198, 337–38 food, sustainability and, 600–666 forensic arguments, 13 foreword, citing, in MLA style, 474 formal definitions, 189–90 formality, 329 formal style, 309 format |
for causal arguments, 259–60 for definitional argument, 202 for evaluations, 228 for factual argument, 169–70 for proposals, 290–91 for rhetorical analysis, 114, 117 Fortgang, Tal, 47–48 Foss, Sonja, 12, 126 Fournier, Ron, 46 “Four Ways the Riley Ruling Matters for the NSA” (Davidson), 786–90 Fox, Susannah, 380 Fraas, Sarah, “Trans Women at Smith: The Complexities of Checking ‘Female,’” 683–86 Freakonomics (Dubner and Levitt), 155 Freedman, David H., “Are Engineered Foods Evil?,” 630–38 “Friending: The Changing Definition of Friendship in the Social Media Era” (Liu), 208–9 future, arguments about, 14 |
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G Gargus, J. Jay, 382 Geaghan-Breiner, Charlotte, 386 “Where the Wild Things Should Be: Healing Nature Deficit Disorder through the Schoolyard,” 396–405 Gearhart, Sally Miller, 127 genus, of terms, 189 Gerson, Michael, 64–65, 317 globalization, language and, 568–99 Gier, Joseph, 253 |
Goadsby, Peter J., 381 Google, 418 government document, citing in APA style, 493, 496 in MLA style, 475 graphic narrative, citing in APA style, 493 in MLA style, 474 graphics. See also design; visuals for definitional argument, 197, 198 for factual arguments, 54, 163, 165 |
graphs, 341, 342. See also charts in causal arguments, 255 Greene, Brian, 325 Greenfield, Rebecca, “What Your Email Metadata Told the NSA about You,” 746–49 Gregoire, Carolyn, 94–95 Griffin, Cindy, 12 Gustafson, Katherine, “School Bus Farmers’ Market,” 657–67 Gutting, Gary, 11 |
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H Hamilton, Tracy Brown, 78 Hanes, Stephanie, “Little Girls or Little Women? The Disney Princess Effect,” 509–15 hard evidence, 214 critical thinking about, 52–55 Hard Times (Dickens), 163–64 Hari, Johann, 394 Harrop, Froma, 62–63 hasty generalization fallacies, 80 headings, 101, 340, 355, 389 |
Hemingway, Ernest, 432, 443 Henarejos, Santos, “Infographic: Speak My Language,” 585–88 Himes, Chester, 324 Hopp, Steven L., “The Strange Case of Percy Schmeiser,” from Animal, Vegetable, Miracle, 627–28 Howard, Jennifer, 161 Howard, Rebecca Moore, 451–53 “How It Feels to Be Colored Me” (Hurston), 12 |
humor credibility through, 44 culture and, 517–20 in emotional appeals, 36–38 ridicule as, 38 Hurston, Zora Neale, “How It Feels to Be Colored Me,” 12 hyperbole, 320 hypotheses for factual arguments, 154–55, 168 researching, 159 |
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I icon, as visual argument, 135 illustration, visual argument through, 640–50 illustrations. See visuals images. See visuals “Immigrants Who Speak Indigenous Languages Encounter Isolation” (Semple), 573–75 IMRAD (Introduction, Methods, Research, and Discussion), 170 inartistic proofs, 52–53 indents, for quotations, 445 indirect sources, in MLA style, 469 inductive reasoning, 121 “Infographic: Speak My Language” (Henarejos), 585–88 infographics, 165, 341, 342, 382, 585–88 informal logic, Toulmin argument as, 65–66 information quality of, 100 synthesizing, 438–53 visual organization of, 339–40 informing, arguments for, 7 |
infotention, 436–37, 438 intellectual property, 455–56, 457 intended readers, 21–22 Interesting Narrative, The (Equiano), 161 Internet. See also online entries; Web sites “crap detection” for information from, 153, 432–34 permission for copyrighted sources, 459–60 privacy and, 732–91 search options on, 418–19 sites finding and posting errors about, 155–56 sources on, 416–19 value of, 380 interviews in APA style, 493 data collection through, 421 in MLA style, 482 in-text citations in APA style, 487–90 in MLA style, 467–71 “Introduction, An: At the Root of Identity, from Whistling Vivaldi and Other Clues to How Stereotypes Affect Us” (Steele), 537–48 “Introduction from Place, Not Race: A New Vision of Opportunity in America” (Cashin), 712–22 |
introductions to borrowed words and ideas, 445–47 citing in MLA style, 474 in presentations, 351–52 to terms, 449 inverted word order, 327 invitational arguments, 11, 126–29 invoked readers, 22 Ironside, Claire, “Making a Visual Argument: Apples to Oranges,” 641–51 irony, 321 Irwin, Neil, “What the Numbers Show about N.F.L. Player Arrests,” 180–84 “Is It Globalization That Endangers Languages?” (Ostler), 589–94 “It Ain’t Easy Being Bisexual on TV” (Zimmerman), 561–66 “It’s Not about You” (Brooks), 106–8 “It’s Not OK Cupid: Co-Founder Defends User Experiments” (Zwillich and Rudder), 763–69 |
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J jargon, 311 Jiang, Raven, 263 |
“Dota 2: The Face of Professional Gaming,” 264–67 Jobs, Steve, 32 Johnson, Samuel, 187–88, 327 |
journal articles, citing, in APA style, 493 journals, 417 |
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K kairos, 24–26 Kamperman, Sean, “The Wikipedia Game: Boring, Pointless, or Neither?,” 232–36 Kelley, Steve, cartoon, 517 Kelly, Kevin, 331 Kenney, Lynda, “Diversity Makes Life Interesting,” 674 keywords, for Internet searches, 418 |
Kim, Young M., and James S. Cole, “Student Veterans/Service Members’ Engagement in College and University Life and Education,” 688–700 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 354–55, 433 Kingsolver, Barbara, “‘Springing Forward’ and ‘The Strange Case of Percy Schmeiser,’ from Animal, Vegetable, Miracle,” 620–28 |
Kleege, Georgina, 32–33 Knight, Lindsey, 59 Kolb, Rachel, “Understanding Brooks’s Binaries,” 105, 109–11 Krugman, Paul, 85, 316 Kuntz, Hayley, “We All Come from Different Walks of Life,” 672 |
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L Lambert, Larry, cartoon, 752 language evocative, 96–97 globalization and, 568–99 Lanham, Richard, 437 Layton, Lyndsey, 19 lecture, citing, in MLA style, 484 legal documentation system, 772–73 LePatner, Barry, 23–24 Lessig, Lawrence, 344 Lessing, Doris, 327 “Let’s Charge Politicians for Wasting Our Time” (Postrel), 303–4 |
letters, citing in APA style, 489 in MLA style, 482 letter to the editor, citing in APA style, 493 in MLA style, 476 Levitt, Steven, 155 Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH), 417 library resources, 416 listening, rhetorical, 126 literary works, citing, in MLA style, 469 literature, reviewing, 448–59 “Little Girls or Little Women? The Disney Princess Effect” (Hanes), 509–15 Liu, Joyce Xinran, “Friending: The Changing Definition of Friendship in the Social Media Era,” 208–9 |
logic reasoning as, 63 Toulmin argument as, 65–66, 130 logical appeals (logos), 24, 33, 51–70, cultural contexts for, 66–67 fallacies of, 79–86 rhetorical analysis of, 98–100 on Twitter, 367 as visual images, 336 visual images supporting, 339–43 logical structures analogies as, 68 degree as, 67 precedent as, 69–70 logos. See logical appeals (logos) Lovell, James, 275 |
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M Madrigal, Alexis C., 308 magazine articles, citing, in MLA style, 476 Makau, Josina, 12 “Making a Visual Argument: Apples to Oranges” (Ironside), 641–51 maps, 341 citing in MLA style, 484 Marcus, Ruth, 321 market research, evaluation criteria and, 214 Martirena, Alfredo, cartoon, 752 mashups, 459 Mayer, Jane, 314 McCorkle, Ben, 352–53 McLuhan, Marshall, 314 McWhorter, John, 99 Mead, Walter Russell, 34–35 mechanics, 45. See also specific types of argument media. See also multimedia arguments for causal arguments, 259–60 choice of, 336–37 choosing, 355–57 for definitional argument, 202 |
for evaluations, 228 for factual argument, 169–70 old transformed by new, 362–64 for presentation subject, 355–57 for proposals, 290–91 for rhetorical analysis, 114 uses in arguments, 101 metaphor, 321 metonymy, 322–23 Michaels, Walter Benn, “The Trouble with Diversity: How We Learned to Love Identity and Ignore Inequality,” 725–30 microform articles, citing, in MLA style, 481 Mir, Shabana, “Muslim American Women in Campus Culture,” 702–9 MLA Handbook, 467. See also MLA style MLA style for cited passage, 461 on collaborative work, 463 example of, 485–86 explanatory and bibliographic notes in, 471–72 guidelines for visuals in, 341 in-text citations in, 467–71 online sources in, 477–81 |
other sources in, 481–83 quotations in, 445 for visuals in text, 461 Works Cited list in, 472–84 Modern Language Association (MLA). See MLA style Montgomery, Scott L., “A Discussion of Limitations and Issues for a Global Language,” 577–83 Mortenson, Eric, “A Diversified Farm Prospers in Oregon’s Willamette Valley by Going Organic and Staying Local,” 653–55 motives, honesty about, 47–48 multimedia, new audiences for, 365–67 multimedia arguments, 102, 332, 361–75 analyzing, 368–70 new content in, 364–65 Web sites and, 371–72 multiple authors, citing, in MLA style, 476 multivolume works, citing in APA style, 492 in MLA style, 469, 474 “Muslim American Women in Campus Culture” (Mir), 702–9 “My Awkward Week with Google Glass” (Tsukayama), 237–39 |
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N narratio, 122 narratives, for factual arguments, 62–63 Nath, Paresh, 243 newsgroups, 142 citing, in APA style, 497 |
newspaper articles, citing, in APA style, 493 Nicolella, Jake, “Reflect on Yesterday. Experience Today. Transform Tomorrow.,” 675 nonprint sources, 416 in MLA style, 469–70 non sequitur arguments, 82–83 |
Noonan, Peggy, 316 “normal” thinking, 27 notes, in-text, 461 “Nothing-to-Hide Argument, The” (Solove), 734–43 Novella, Steven, 83–84 |
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O Obama, Barack, 52 Obama, Michelle on Boko Haram kidnapping, 3, 4 invitational argument used by, 128–29 objections, conditions of rebuttal and, 141, 149 observations, data collection through, 420–21 O’Connor, Anahad, 7 online sources, 416–19 in APA style, 489–90, 494–98, 499 |
assessing, 432–34 in MLA style, 469, 478–81 searching, 419 online video clip, citing, in MLA style, 483 operational definitions, 190–92 oration, classical, 122–25 organization of argument academic argument, 389–90 causal argument, 260 cultural context and, 150 definitional argument, 202, 204 |
evaluations, 228, 229 factual arguments, 170, 171–72 proposals, 291, 292–93 rhetorical analysis, 114–15, 116–17 visual, of information, 339–40 Oster, Emily, 61 Ostler, Nicholas, “Is It Globalization That Endangers Languages?,” 589–94 outlines, of Toulmin argument, 143 oxymoron, 323 |
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P Paarlberg, Robert, “Attention Whole Foods Shoppers,” 610–18 Paglia, Camille, 5, 8–9 pamphlet, citing, in MLA style, 475 papers, citing, in APA style, 498 parallelism, 327–28 in presentation, 354–55 paraphrasing crediting, 459 example of, 441–42 guidelines for, 440–42 as plagiarism, 462 of sources, 438–39, 439–42 Parker, James, 424 Parker-Pope, Tara, 158 partitio, 122 patchwriting, 451–53 pathos. See emotional appeals (pathos) Pearson, Taylor, 283, 447, 454 “Why You Should Fear Your Toaster More Than Nuclear Power,” 174–79 peer review. See reviewing arguments Pena, Laura, 449, 450–51 performance, citing, in MLA style, 484 periodicals, citing in APA style, 493 in MLA style, 475–76 permission for copyrighted Internet sources, 459–60 request for, 460 peroratio, 122 personal experience authority through, 49 data collection through, 424–25 for factual claims, 62–63 in Toulmin argument, 132 personal pronouns, 310 persuasion, arguments for, 8–9 Pew Research Center, 164, 380, 381 |
Phillip, Abby, 69 photographs, 166 citing in MLA style, 483–84 communicating through, 338 creating, 333 plagiarism, 452 academic integrity and, 455–64 paraphrase as, 462 Platt, Russell, 461 “Playing with Prejudice: The Prevalence and Consequences of Racial Stereotypes in Video Games” (Burgess, Dill, Stermer, Burgess, and Brown), 551–58 political Web sites, 364 Pollan, Michael, 33–34 polls, for factual arguments, 60–62 popular culture, stereotypes by, 507–67 poster sessions, citing, in APA style, 498 post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacies, 80–81 Postrel, Virginia, “Let’s Charge Politicians for Wasting Our Time,” 303–4 precedence, weight given to, 413 precedent, as logical structure for argument, 69–70 preface, citing, in MLA style, 474 Prensky, Marc, 14 present, arguments about, 14 presentation methods, 344–60 delivery and, 357–59 multimedia, 102, 332, 361–75 oral version with illustration, 353–54 preparation of, 346–60 print version of, 352–53 script for, 351–55 software for, 357 Web-based, 359, 371–72 Prichep, Deena, “A Campus More Colorful Than Reality: Beware That College Brochure,” 678–81 |
primary research, 159 print documents, 390 print sources, 416 assessing, 430–32 privacy, Internet and, 732–91 professional style, 309 pronouns, personal, 310 proofreading, 392 proposals, 20, 272–304 categorizing, 273–74 for causal arguments, 259 characterizing, 275–78 claims in, 281–83, 289–90, 292 defining need or problem in, 279–81 for definitional argument, 201–2 demonstrating feasibility of, 286 design in, 286–87 developing, 279–93 for evaluations, 227 for factual arguments, 169 format and media for, 290–91 meeting need or problem in, 283–86 organization of, 291, 292–93 preparing, 290 reviewing, 291–93 for rhetorical analysis, 113–14 samples of, 295–302, 303–4 style of, 292–93 topic for, 288 Toulmin terms for, 290 visuals in, 286–87 Psaki, Jen, 4 Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, guidelines for visuals in, 341. See also APA style public discussions, 345–46 public domain, 343 publishers, reliability of, 420–21 punctuation argument and, 314–17 in rhetorical analysis, 117 purpose of arguments, 90–91 of assignment, 347 |
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Q qualifiers, 140–41 to make reasonable claims, 161 qualitative evaluations, 215–17 quantitative data, 413 |
quantitative evaluations, 214–15 questionnaires, for surveys, 422–24 quotation marks, 441, 444 |
quotations, 340, 441, 443–45 in APA style, 445 guidelines for, 443–45 in-text references for, 459 in MLA style, 445 |
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R radio program, citing, in MLA style, 483 Rainie, Lee, 380 Rangel, Charles, 280 Ratcliffe, Krista, 126 readers intended, 21–22 invoked, 22 reading, for pathos, 29–31 reasoning. See also factual arguments deductive, 63–64, 65, 121 inductive, 121 reasons examples of, 137 in Toulmin argument, 131–33, 149 rebuttals, conditions of, 141 red herring fallacies, 84 Reed, Rex, 320 References list, in APA style, 490–99, 502 reference works, citing in APA style, 492, 496 in MLA style, 475, 479 “Reflect on Yesterday. Experience Today. Transform Tomorrow.” (Nicolella), 675 refutatio, 122 relevance, of sources, 430 reliability, of sources, 428–29 repetition, in presentation, 354–55 republication, citing in APA style, 492 in MLA style, 475 |
research for causal argument topic, 257–58 data and evidence from, 415–19 for definitional arguments, 199–200 for evaluation topic, 225–26 for factual argument hypothesis, 159 field, 434–35 for proposal topic, 288–89 for rhetorical analysis topic, 112 resources. See also sources library, 416 online, 417–19 reviewing arguments causal argument, 260–62 definitional arguments, 203–4 evaluations, 228–29 factual arguments, 170–72 for proposals, 291–93 for rhetorical analysis, 115–17 reviews, citing in APA style, 494 in MLA style, 476 Rheingold, Howard, 153, 432–33, 437 rhetoric, 12 ceremonial or epideictic, 211 kairos and, 24–26 visual, 330 rhetorical analysis, 87–118 as argument, 94–95 of argument structure, 101 of character, 97–98 claims for, 112–13 composing, 89–90 of emotional arguments, 95–97 examination of, 105–11 facts and reason for, 98–100 |
of maker of argument, 91–92 proposal for, 113–14 of purpose of argument, 90–91 of style, 102–5 writing guide to, 112–18 rhetorical listening, 126 rhetorical question, 323 rhetorical situation assessing for presentation, 347 cultural context for, 415 evidence for, 413–15 ridicule, as humor, 38 Riley, Charles A., II, “Disability and the Media: Prescriptions for Change,” 527–35 Riley v. California, 771, 774–84 “Four Ways the Riley Ruling Matters for the NSA” (Davidson), 786–90 Robinson, Eugene, 316 Rodriguez, Natasha, 205 “Who Are You Calling Underprivileged?,” 206–7 Rogerian argument, 11, 12, 126 Rogers, Carl, 11, 126 Rose, Charlie, 73 Rosen, Christine, 5 Rosenbaum, Ron, 36–37, 96 Ross, Lauren, 162 Rowling, J. K., 43 Rubio, Marco, 29–30 Rudder, Christian, and Todd Zwillich, “It’s Not OK Cupid: Co-Founder Defends User Experiments,” 763–69 running heads, 340. See also headings |
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S sacred text, citing, in MLA style, 470 Sáenz, Benjamin, 321–22 San Luis, Natalie, 449–50 sans serif fonts, 338 “Saving Languages through Korean Soap Operas” (Eveleth), 596–98 scare tactics, 72 schemes, 318, 326–28 scholarly databases, 416 “School Bus Farmers’ Market” (Gustafson), 657–67 Schwadron, Harley, cartoon, 518 script, for presentation, 351–55 semicolon, 314–15 Semple, Kirk, “Immigrants Who Speak Indigenous Languages Encounter Isolation,” 573–75 sentence fragments, 313 sentence structure, argument and, 312–14 sentimental appeals fallacy, 74–75 serif fonts, 337–38 Shaw, Jeff, 459 signal words in APA style, 447 to introduce borrowed words and ideas, 445–47 signifying, 323–24 signposts, in presentation, 352 simile, 325 Simmons, Ruth J., 15, 44 Singer, Andy, 283, 286 “Six Provocations for Big Data” (boyd and Crawford), 754–61 slang, 310 slip opinion, 773 slippery slope fallacy, 74 Smith, David, 253 Smith, Max, “Unity within the Community,” 671 social media, 374 in APA style, 497 in MLA style, 480 Twitter as, 3–5 Web sites and, 364 software in APA style, 496 in MLA style, 481 presentation, 357 Solomon, Jack, 94 Solove, Daniel J., “The Nothing-to-Hide Argument,” 734–43 Sotomayor, Sonia, 308 |
sound recording, citing in APA style, 498 in MLA style, 483 sources. See also research in academic argument, 392 acknowledging, 461–62 analyzing quality of, 100 bias in, 428–29 to clarify and support arguments, 447–51 credibility of, 418 crediting, 458–59 evaluating, 159, 427–35 number for academic argument, 417 online, 418, 432–34 paraphrasing, 439–42 permission for copyrighted Internet material, 459–60 signal phrases for, 445–47 synthesizing information and, 438–53 using, 159, 436–54 Sousanis, Nick, 384 speaking, for presentations, 357–59 specialization, of sources, 431 species, of terms, 189 speech citing in MLA style, 484 logical appeals in, 52 spelling, in rhetorical analysis, 117 sponsors, reliability of, 420–21 “‘Springing Forward’ and ‘The Strange Case of Percy Schmeiser,’ from Animal, Vegetable, Miracle” (Kingsolver), 620–28 square brackets, for quotations, 445 stacking the deck fallacies, 79 stasis theory, 17–21 statistics, for factual arguments, 57–60 Steele, Claude M., “An Introduction: At the Root of Identity, from Whistling Vivaldi and Other Clues to How Stereotypes Affect Us,” 537–48 Stein, Nathaniel, 102–3, 314 stereotypes cartoons and, 517–20 by popular culture, 507–67 Stermer, S. Paul, Melinda C. R. Burgess, Karen E. Dill, Stephen R. Burgess, and Brian P. Brown, “Playing with Prejudice: The Prevalence and Consequences of Racial Stereotypes in Video Games,” 551–58 Stiehm, Jamie, 78 straight talk, 94 |
“Strange Case of Percy Schmeiser, The” from Animal, Vegetable, Miracle, (Hopp), 627–28 straw man fallacies, 83–84 Stretten, Amy, “Appropriating Native American Imagery Honors No One but the Prejudice,” 522–25 structure of argument, 67–70, 101–2, 121–50 of presentation, 347–50, 352 “Student Veterans/Service Members’ Engagement in College and University Life and Education” (Kim and Cole), 688–700 studies. See surveys style, 307–29 in academic arguments, 390 in causal arguments, 261–62 credibility and, 102 cultural contexts and, 329 in definitional arguments, 204 in evaluations, 229–30 in factual arguments, 171–72 figurative language and, 317–28 formality and, 329 of presentation, 347–50 of proposals, 292–93 of rhetorical analysis, 102–5, 116–17 word choice and, 309–11 style of arguments, 102–5 subheadings, 101, 340, 355, 389 subject, of factual argument, 159 subject directory, online, 418 subscription service article, in MLA style, 480 Sullivan, Andrew, 322 summarizing guidelines for, 442–43 of sources, 438–39 superscript, in APA text notes, 490 support, sources for, 447–51 surveys for factual arguments, 60–62 questionnaires for, 422–24 sustainability, food and, 600–666 “Sustainability” (Weisser), 602–8 syllogism, 63–65 synopsis, of rhetorical analysis, 115 syntax, in presentation, 352–53 synthesis, of information, 438–53 |
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T Talbot, Margaret, 62 “Talk About It, Be About It” (Aguilar), 670 Tankersley, Reagan, 220 Tannen, Deborah Toulmin argument and, 144 “Why Is ‘Compromise’ Now a Dirty Word?,” 145–48 technical material, presenting, 449–50 television program, citing in APA style, 498 in MLA style, 483 tentative claim, 193–94 terms, introducing, 449 testimonies, for factual arguments, 62–63 thesis, rhetorical analysis of, 99, 102 Thurman, Judith, 393 Tierney, John, 253, 263 “Can a Playground Be Too Safe?,” 268–71 timelines, 341 title page, in APA style, 500 titles, 340 title within title, citing, in MLA style, 475 |
Tommasini, Anthony, 196–97 tone, of academic argument, 390 Toor, Rachel, 319 topics for academic argument, 385 for causal argument, 257 for definitional argument, 199 for evaluation, 225–26 for factual argument, 167 for proposal, 288 for rhetorical analysis, 112 rhetorical stance on, 386–87 Toulmin argument, 65–66, 130–44 backing in, 138–39 begging the question and, 81 claims in, 130–31, 149 conditions of rebuttal in, 141–42 definition argument and, 195 evidence and reasons in, 131–33, 149 outline of, 143 qualifiers in, 140–41 Tannen, Deborah, and, 144–48 warrants in, 133–38 trademark, as visual image, 336 |
transitions, 101 translations, citing in APA style, 492 in MLA style, 474 “Trans Women at Smith: The Complexities of Checking ‘Female’” (Fraas), 683–86 tropes, 318–26 “Trouble with Diversity, The: How We Learned to Love Identity and Ignore Inequality” (Michaels), 725–30 Trudeau, Garry, 457 trustworthiness, credibility and, 43–45 Tsukayama, Hayley, “My Awkward Week with Google Glass,” 237–39 Turner, Fred, 383 Tverberg, Gail, 243–44 Twain, Mark, 84 tweet in APA style, 497 in MLA style, 480 Twitter, 3–5, 365, 366–67 Obama, Michelle, appeal on, 3 typefaces, 198, 337–38 |
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U understanding, arguments for, 11 “Understanding Brooks’s Binaries” (Kolb), 109–11 |
understatement, 325–26 “Unity within the Community” (Smith), 671 |
U.S. v. Brima Wurie, 771–72 Uses of Argument, The (Toulmin), 130 |
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V values appeals to, 139 arguments based on, 68 video, 372, 373 citing in APA style, 498 creating, 333 video game, citing, in MLA style, 481 visual(s), 164–66 in academic arguments, 390–91 analysis of, 101 APA style for, 341 APA style for presentation guidelines, 341 in causal arguments, 254–55, 256 |
charts and graphs as, 340–41 color in, 334 communicating through, 338 copyrights of, 343 for credibility and authority, 335–37 data conveyed through, 340–41 in definitional arguments, 197 for ethos, 335 in evaluations, 223, 224 for factual argument, 164–66 feelings conveyed through, 333–34 MLA style for, 461, 469–70 |
for pathos, 332–33 for presentations, 355–57 professional guidelines for, 341, 342 in proposals, 286–87 to support logos, 339–43 using, 332–43 visual arguments, 104, 330–43 cartoons as, 517–20 diversity posters as, 670–76 icon as, 135 illustration as, 640–50 infographic as, 585–88 power of, 331–32 privacy issue in, 751–52 visual signals, 340 |
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W Wales, Jimmy, 417 Wang, Kevin, 59 warrants, 53 backing of, 138–39 claims as, 53 examples of, 137 in Toulmin argument, But your work is just beginning" target="_pop">133–38 Warren, Elizabeth, 276–77 “We All Come from Different Walks of Life” (Kuntz), 672 Weathers, Diane, 93 Webcasts, of live presentations, 359 Web site documents, citing in APA style, 496 in MLA style, 476 Web sites in APA style, 495 checking authors from, 448 in MLA style, 476–77 multimedia arguments and, 371–72 social, political, and cultural, 364 |
Weisser, Christian R., “Sustainability,” 602–8 “What the Numbers Show about N.F.L. Player Arrests” (Irwin), 180–84 “What Your Email Metadata Told the NSA about You” (Greenfield), 746–49 “Where the Wild Things Should Be: Healing Nature Deficit Disorder through the Schoolyard” (Geaghan-Breiner), 396–405 Whittemore, David, “Diversity Is the Largest Picture,” 673 “Who Are You Calling Underprivileged?” (Rodriguez), 206–7 “Why Is ‘Compromise’ Now a Dirty Word?” (Tannen), 145–48 “Why You Should Fear Your Toaster More Than Nuclear Power” (Pearson), 174–79 wiki, 372–73 in APA style, 497 in MLA style, 479 |
Wikipedia, 369, 417–18 “Wikipedia Game, The: Boring, Pointless, or Neither?” (Kamperman), 232–36 Wilcox, Susan, 448–49 Williams, Terry Tempest, 46 Willis, Frank, 253 Wilsey, Sean, 222 “win/win” solutions, 11 Withers, Hannah, 162 Wolkowitz, Michael, 74 Womack, Philip, 315, 316 word choice, style and, 309–11 word order, inverted, 327 Works Cited list entries, 462 in MLA style, 472–84, 486 |
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X Xue, Lan, “China: The Prizes and Pitfalls of Progress,” 406–9 |
Y “You Are Not Colorblind” (Collins), 676 |
Z Zimmerman, Amy, “It Ain’t Easy Being Bisexual on TV,” 561–66 Zwillich, Todd, and Christian Rudder, “It’s Not OK Cupid: Co-Founder Defends User Experiments,” 763–69 Zyglis, Adam, cartoon, 518 |