54b Chicago style for notes and bibliographic entries
The following examples demonstrate how to format both notes and bibliographic entries according to Chicago style. The note, which is numbered, appears first; the bibliographic entry, which is not numbered, appears below the note.
Print and online books
For the basic format for citing a print book, see the source map. The note for a book typically includes six elements: author’s name, title and subtitle, city of publication, publisher, year, and page number(s) or electronic locator information for the information in the note. The bibliographic entry usually includes all but the page number (and does include a URL or other locator if the book is electronically published), but it is styled differently: commas separate major elements of a note, but a bibliographic entry uses periods.
1. ONE AUTHOR
1. Nell Irvin Painter, The History of White People (New York: W. W. Norton, 2010), 119.
Painter, Nell Irvin. The History of White People. New York: W. W. Norton, 2010.
2. MULTIPLE AUTHORS
2. Margaret Macmillan and Richard Holbrooke, Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World (New York: Random House, 2003), 384.
Macmillan, Margaret, and Richard Holbrooke. Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World. New York: Random House, 2003.
With more than three authors, you may give the first-listed author followed by et al. in the note. In the bibliography, list all the authors’ names.
2. Stephen J. Blank et al., Conflict, Culture, and History: Regional Dimensions (Miami: University Press of the Pacific, 2002), 276.
Blank, Stephen J., Lawrence E. Grinter, Karl P. Magyar, Lewis B. Ware, and Bynum E. Weathers. Conflict, Culture, and History: Regional Dimensions. Miami: University Press of the Pacific, 2002.
3. ORGANIZATION AS AUTHOR
3. World Intellectual Property Organization, Intellectual Property Profile of the Least Developed Countries (Geneva: World Intellectual Property Organization, 2002), 43.
World Intellectual Property Organization. Intellectual Property Profile of the Least Developed Countries. Geneva: World Intellectual Property Organization, 2002.
4. UNKNOWN AUTHOR
4. Broad Stripes and Bright Stars (Kansas City, MO: Andrews McMeel, 2002), 10.
Broad Stripes and Bright Stars. Kansas City, MO: Andrews McMeel, 2002.
CHICAGO SOURCE MAP: Books
Take information from the book’s title page and copyright page (on the reverse side of the title page), not from the book’s cover or a library catalog. Look carefully at the differences in punctuation between the note and the bibliographic entry.
Author. In a note, list the author(s) first name first. In a bibliographic entry, list the first author last name first. List other authors first name first.
Title. Italicize the title and subtitle and capitalize all major words.
City of publication. List the city (and country or state abbreviation for an unfamiliar city) followed by a colon. In a note only, city, publisher, and year appear in parentheses.
Publisher. Drop Inc., Co., Publishing, or Publishers. Follow with a comma.
Publication year. In a bibliographic entry only, end with a period.
Page number. In a note only, end with the page number and a period.
Citations for the book below would look like this:
ENDNOTE
1. Alex von Tunzelmann, Red Heat: Conspiracy, Murder, and the Cold War in the Caribbean (New York: Picador, 2011), 178.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC ENTRY
Von Tunzelmann, Alex. Red Heat: Conspiracy, Murder, and the Cold War in the Caribbean. New York: Picador, 2011.
5. ONLINE BOOK
5. Dorothy Richardson, Long Day: The Story of a New York Working Girl, as Told by Herself (1906; UMDL Texts, 2010),159, http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c5moa;idno5AFS7156.0001.001.
Richardson, Dorothy. Long Day: The Story of a New York Working Girl, as Told by Herself. 1906. UMDL Texts, 2010. http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c5moa;idno5AFS7156.0001.001.
6. ELECTRONIC BOOK (E-BOOK)
6. Manal M. Omar, Barefoot in Baghdad (Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks, 2010), Kindle edition, ch. 4.
Omar, Manal M. Barefoot in Baghdad. Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks, 2010. Kindle edition.
7. EDITED BOOK WITH NO AUTHOR
7. James H. Fetzer, ed., The Great Zapruder Film Hoax: Deceit and Deception in the Death of JFK (Chicago: Open Court, 2003), 56.
Fetzer, James H., ed. The Great Zapruder Film Hoax: Deceit and Deception in the Death of JFK. Chicago: Open Court, 2003.
8. EDITED BOOK WITH AUTHOR
8. Leopold von Ranke, The Theory and Practice of History, ed. Georg G. Iggers (New York: Routledge, 2010), 135.
von Ranke, Leopold. The Theory and Practice of History. Edited by Georg G. Iggers. New York: Routledge, 2010.
9. SELECTION IN AN ANTHOLOGY OR CHAPTER IN A BOOK, WITH AN EDITOR
9. Denise Little, “Born in Blood,” in Alternate Gettysburgs, ed. Brian Thomsen and Martin H. Greenberg (New York: Berkley Publishing Group, 2002), 245.
Give the inclusive page numbers of the selection or chapter in the bibliographic entry.
Little, Denise. “Born in Blood.” In Alternate Gettysburgs. Edited by Brian Thomsen and Martin H. Greenberg, 242–55. New York: Berkley Publishing Group, 2002.
10. INTRODUCTION, PREFACE, FOREWORD, OR AFTERWORD
10. Robert B. Reich, introduction to Making Work Pay: America after Welfare, ed. Robert Kuttner (New York: New Press, 2002), xvi.
Reich, Robert B. Introduction to Making Work Pay: America after Welfare, vii–xvii. Edited by Robert Kuttner. New York: New Press, 2002.
11. TRANSLATION
11. Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, trans. Robert Graves (London: Penguin Classics, 1989), 202.
Suetonius. The Twelve Caesars. Translated by Robert Graves. London: Penguin Classics, 1989.
12. EDITION OTHER THAN THE FIRST
12. Dee Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West, 4th ed. (New York: Owl Books, 2007), 12.
Brown, Dee. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West, 4th ed. New York: Owl Books, 2007.
13. MULTIVOLUME WORK
13. John Watson, Annals of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania in the Olden Time, vol. 2 (Washington, DC: Ross & Perry, 2003), 514.
Watson, John. Annals of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania in the Olden Time. Vol. 2. Washington, DC: Ross & Perry, 2003.
14. REFERENCE WORK
In a note, use s.v., the abbreviation for the Latin sub verbo (“under the word”) to help your reader find the entry.
14. Encyclopedia Britannica, s.v. “carpetbagger.”
Do not list reference works such as encyclopedias or dictionaries in your bibliography.
Citing Sources without Models in Chicago Style
AT A GLANCE
To cite a source for which you cannot find a model, collect as much information as you can find—about the creator, title, date of creation or update, and location of the source—with the goal of helping your readers find the source for themselves, if possible. Then look at the models in this section to see which one most closely matches the type of source you are using.
In an academic writing project, before citing an electronic source for which you have no model, also be sure to ask your instructor’s advice.
15. WORK WITH A TITLE WITHIN THE TITLE
Use quotation marks around any title within a book title.
15. John A. Alford, A Companion to “Piers Plowman” (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 195.
Alford, John A. A Companion to “Piers Plowman.” Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.
16. SACRED TEXT
16. Luke 18:24–25 (New International Version)
16. Qur’an 7:40–41
Do not include a sacred text in the bibliography.
17. SOURCE QUOTED IN ANOTHER SOURCE
Identify both the original and the secondary source.
17. Frank D. Millet, “The Filipino Leaders,” Harper’s Weekly, March 11, 1899, quoted in Richard Slotkin, Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth-Century America (New York: HarperCollins, 1992), 110.
Millet, Frank D. “The Filipino Leaders.” Harper’s Weekly, March 11, 1899. Quoted in Richard Slotkin, Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth-Century America (New York: HarperCollins, 1992), 110.
Print and online periodicals
The note for an article in a periodical typically includes the author’s name, the article title, and the periodical title. The format for other information, including the volume and issue numbers (if any), the date of publication, and the page number(s) to which the note refers, varies according to the type of periodical and whether you consulted it in print, on the Web, or in a database. In a bibliographic entry for a journal or magazine article from a database or a print periodical, also give the inclusive page numbers.
18. ARTICLE IN A PRINT JOURNAL
18. Karin Lützen, “The Female World: Viewed from Denmark,” Journal of Women’s History 12, no. 3 (2000): 36.
Lützen, Karin. “The Female World: Viewed from Denmark.” Journal of Women’s History 12, no. 3 (2000): 34–38.
19. ARTICLE IN AN ONLINE JOURNAL
Give the DOI if there is one. If not, include the article URL. If page numbers are provided, include them as well.
19. Jeffrey J. Schott, “America, Europe, and the New Trade Order,” Business and Politics 11, no. 3 (2009), doi:10.2202/1469-3569.1263.
Schott, Jeffrey J. “America, Europe, and the New Trade Order.” Business and Politics 11, no. 3 (2009). doi:10.2202/1469-3569.1263.
20. JOURNAL ARTICLE FROM A DATABASE
For basic information on citing a periodical article from a database in Chicago style, see the source map.
20. W. Trent Foley and Nicholas J. Higham, “Bede on the Britons,” Early Medieval Europe 17, no. 2 (2009), 157, doi:10.1111/j.1468-0254.2009.00258.x.
Foley, W. Trent, and Nicholas J. Higham. “Bede on the Britons.” Early Medieval Europe 17, no. 2 (2009). 154–85. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0254.2009.00258.x.
21. ARTICLE IN A PRINT MAGAZINE
21. Terry McDermott, “The Mastermind: Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and the Making of 9/11,” New Yorker, September 13, 2010, 42.
McDermott, Terry. “The Mastermind: Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and the Making of 9/11.” New Yorker, September 13, 2010, 38–51.
22. ARTICLE IN AN ONLINE MAGAZINE
22. Tracy Clark-Flory, “Educating Women Saves Kids’ Lives,” Salon, September 17, 2010, http://www.salon.com/life/broadsheet/2010/09/17/education_women/index.html.
Clark-Flory, Tracy. “Educating Women Saves Kids’ Lives.” Salon, September 17, 2010. http://www.salon.com/life/broadsheet/2010/09/17/education_women/index.html.
23. MAGAZINE ARTICLE FROM A DATABASE
23. Sami Yousafzai and Ron Moreau, “Twisting Arms in Afghanistan,” Newsweek, November 9, 2009, 8, Academic Search Premier (44962900).
Yousafzai, Sami, and Ron Moreau. “Twisting Arms in Afghanistan.” Newsweek, November 9, 2009. 8. Academic Search Premier (44962900).
CHICAGO SOURCE MAP: Articles from Databases
Author. In a note, list the author(s) first name first. In the bibliographic entry, list the first author last name first, comma, first name; list other authors first name first.
Article title. Enclose the title and subtitle (if any) in quotation marks, and capitalize major words. In the notes section, put a comma before and after the title. In the bibliography, put a period before and after.
Periodical title. Italicize the title and subtitle, and capitalize all major words. For a magazine or newspaper, follow with a comma.
Journal volume and issue numbers. For journals, follow the title with the volume number, a comma, the abbreviation no., and the issue number.
Publication date. For journals, enclose the publication year in parentheses and follow with a comma (in a note) or with a period (in a bibliography). For other periodicals, give the month and year or month, day, and year, followed by a comma.
Page numbers. In a note, give the page where the information is found. In the bibliographic entry, give the page range.
Retrieval information. Provide the article’s DOI, if one is given, the name of the database and an accession number, or a “stable or persistent” URL for the article in the database. Because you provide stable retrieval information, you do not need to identify the electronic format of the work (i.e., PDF, as in the example shown here). End with a period.
Citations for the journal article below would look like this:
ENDNOTE
1. Howard Schuman, Barry Schwartz, and Hannah D’Arcy, “Elite Revisionists and Popular Beliefs: Christopher Columbus, Hero or Villain?” Public Opinion Quarterly 69, no. 1 (2005), 13, doi:10.1093/poq/nfi001.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC ENTRY
Schuman, Howard, Barry Schwartz, and Hannah D’Arcy. “Elite Revisionists and Popular Beliefs: Christopher Columbus, Hero or Villain?” Public Opinion Quarterly 69, no. 1 (2005). 2–29. doi:10.1093/poq/nfi001.
24. ARTICLE IN A NEWSPAPER
Do not include page numbers for a newspaper article, but you may include the section, if any.
24. Caroline E. Mayer, “Wireless Industry to Adopt Voluntary Standards,” Washington Post, September 9, 2003, sec. E.
Mayer, Caroline E. “Wireless Industry to Adopt Voluntary Standards.” WashingtonPost, September 9, 2003, sec. E.
If you provide complete documentation of a newspaper article in a note, you may not need to include it in the bibliography. Check your instructor’s preference.
25. ARTICLE IN AN ONLINE NEWSPAPER
If the URL for the article is very long, use the URL for the newspaper’s home page.
25. Andrew C. Revkin, “Arctic Melt Unnerves the Experts,” New York Times, October 2, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com.
Revkin, Andrew C. “Arctic Melt Unnerves the Experts.” New York Times, October 2, 2007. http://www.nytimes.com.
26. NEWSPAPER ARTICLE FROM A DATABASE
26. Demetria Irwin, “A Hatchet, Not a Scalpel, for NYC Budget Cuts,” NewYork Amsterdam News, November 13, 2008, Academic Search Premier (35778153).
Irwin, Demetria. “A Hatchet, Not a Scalpel, for NYC Budget Cuts.” New York Amsterdam News, November 13, 2008. Academic Search Premier (35778153).
27. BOOK REVIEW
After the information about the book under review, give publication information for the appropriate kind of source (see models 18–26).
27. Arnold Relman, “Health Care: The Disquieting Truth,” review of Tracking Medicine: A Researcher’s Quest to Understand Health Care, by John E. Wennberg, New York Review of Books 57, no. 14 (2010), 45.
Relman, Arnold. “Health Care: The Disquieting Truth.” Review of Tracking Medicine: A Researcher’s Quest to Understand Health Care, by John E. Wennberg. New York Review of Books 57, no. 14 (2010), 45–48.
Online sources
In general, include the author (if given); the title of a work from a Web site (in quotation marks); the name of the site (in italics, if the site is an online publication, but otherwise neither italicized nor in quotation marks); the sponsor of the site, if different from the name of the site or name of the author; the date of publication or most recent update; and a URL. If the online source does not indicate when it was published or last modified, or if your instructor requests an access date, place it before the URL.
For basic information on citing works from Web sites in Chicago style, see the source map.
28. WEB SITE
28. Rutgers School of Arts and Sciences, The Rutgers Oral History Archive, 2010, http://oralhistory.rutgers.edu/.
Rutgers School of Arts and Sciences. The Rutgers Oral History Archive. 2010. http://oralhistory.rutgers.edu/.
29. WORK FROM A WEB SITE
29. Rose Cohen, “My First Job,” The Triangle Factory Fire, Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations, 2005, http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/texts/.
Cohen, Rose. “My First Job.” The Triangle Factory Fire. Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations. 2005. http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/texts/.
30. BLOG (WEB LOG) POST
Treat a blog post as a short work from a Web site (see model 29).
30. Jai Arjun Singh, “On the Road in the USSR,” Jabberwock (blog),November 29, 2007, http://jaiarjun.blogspot.com/2007/11/on-road-in-ussr.html.
Chicago recommends that blog posts appear in the notes section only, not in the bibliography, unless the blog is cited frequently. Check your instructor’s preference. A bibliography reference to an entire blog would look like this:
Singh, Jai Arjun. Jabberwock (blog). http://jaiarjun.blogspot.com/.
31. EMAIL AND OTHER PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
Cite email messages and other personal communications, such as letters and telephone calls, in the text or in a note only, not in the bibliography. (Chicago style recommends hyphenating e-mail.)
31. Kareem Adas, e-mail message to author, February 11, 2010.
32. PODCAST
Treat a podcast as a short work from a Web site (see model 29) and give as much of the following information as you can find: the author or speaker, the title or a description of the podcast, the title of the site, the site sponsor (if different from the author or site name), the type of podcast or file format, the date of posting or access, and the URL.
32. Barack Obama, “Weekly Address: A Solar Recovery,” The White House, podcast video, July 3, 2010, http://www.whitehouse.gov/photos-and-video/video/weekly-address-a-solar-recovery.
Obama, Barack. “Weekly Address: A Solar Recovery.” The White House. Podcast video. July 3, 2010. http://www.whitehouse.gov/photos-and-video/video/weekly-address-a-solar-recovery.
CHICAGO SOURCE MAP: Works from Web Sites
Author. In a note, list the author(s) first name first. In a bibliographic entry, list the first author last name first, comma, first name; list additional authors first name first. Note that the host may serve as the author.
Document title. Enclose the title in quotation marks, and capitalize all major words. In a note, put a comma before and after the title. In the bibliography, put a period before and after.
Title of Web site. Capitalize all major words. If the site’s title is analogous to a book or periodical title, italicize it. In the notes section, put a comma after the title. In the bibliography, put a period after the title.
Sponsor of site. If the sponsor is the same as the author or site title, you may omit it. End with a comma (in the note) or a period (in the bibliographic entry).
Date of publication or last modification. If no date is available, or if your instructor requests it, include your date of access (with the word accessed).
Retrieval information. Give the URL for the Web site. If you are required to include a date of access, put the word accessed and the date in parentheses after the URL. End with a period.
Citations for the Web site below would look like this:
ENDNOTE
1. Rebecca Edwards, “The Populist Party,” 1896: The Presidential Campaign: Cartoons & Commentary, Vassar College, 2000, http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/populists.html.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC ENTRY
Edwards, Rebecca. “The Populist Party.” 1896: The Presidential Campaign: Cartoons & Commentary.Vassar College. 2000. http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/populists.html.
33. ONLINE AUDIO OR VIDEO
Treat an online audio or video source as a short work from a Web site (see model 29). If the source is downloadable, give the medium or file format before the URL (see model 32).
33. Alyssa Katz, “Did the Mortgage Crisis Kill the American Dream?” YouTube video, 4:32, posted by NYCRadio, June 24, 2009, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uivtwjwd_Qw.
Katz, Alyssa. “Did the Mortgage Crisis Kill the American Dream?” YouTube video, 4:32. Posted by NYCRadio. June 24, 2009. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uivtwjwd_Qw.
Other sources
34. PUBLISHED OR BROADCAST INTERVIEW
34. Nina Totenberg, interview by Charlie Rose, The Charlie Rose Show, PBS, June 29, 2010.
Totenberg, Nina. Interview by Charlie Rose. The Charlie Rose Show. PBS, June 29, 2010.
Interviews you conduct are considered personal communications (see model 31).
35. VIDEO OR DVD
35. Edward Norton and Edward Furlong, American History X, directed by Tony Kaye (1998; Los Angeles: New Line Studios, 2002), DVD.
Norton, Edward, and Edward Furlong. American History X. Directed by Tony Kaye, 1998. Los Angeles: New Line Studios, 2002. DVD.
36. SOUND RECORDING
36. Paul Robeson, The Collector’s Paul Robeson, recorded 1959, Monitor MCD-61580, 1989, compact disc.
Robeson, Paul. The Collector’s Paul Robeson. Recorded 1959. Monitor MCD-61580, 1989, compact disc.
37. WORK OF ART
Begin with the artist’s name and the title of the work. If you viewed the work in person, give the medium, the date, and the name of the place where you saw it.
37. Mary Cassatt, The Child’s Bath, oil on canvas, 1893, The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
Cassatt, Mary. The Child’s Bath. Oil on canvas, 1893. The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL.
If you refer to a reproduction, give the publication information.
37. Mary Cassatt, The Child’s Bath, oil on canvas, 1893, on Art Access, The Art Institute of Chicago, last modified August 2004, http://www.artic.edu/artaccess/AA_Impressionist/pages/IMP_6.shtml#.
Cassatt, Mary. The Child’s Bath. Oil on canvas, 1893. On Art Access, The Art Institute of Chicago. Last modified August 2004. http://www.artic.edu/artaccess/AA_Impressionist/pages/IMP_6.shtml#.
38. PAMPHLET, REPORT, OR BROCHURE
Information about the author or publisher may not be readily available, but give enough information to identify your source.
38. Jamie McCarthy, Who Is David Irving? (San Antonio, TX: Holocaust History Project, 1998).
McCarthy, Jamie. Who Is David Irving? San Antonio, TX: Holocaust History Project, 1998.
39. GOVERNMENT DOCUMENT
39. U.S. House Committee on Ways and Means, Report on Trade Mission to Sub-Saharan Africa, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2003), 28.
U.S. House Committee on Ways and Means. Report on Trade Mission to Sub-Saharan Africa. 108th Cong., 1st sess. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2003.