REVIEW Tools of Discovery and Older Brain Structures

Learning Objectives

Test Yourself by taking a moment to answer each of these Learning Objective Questions (repeated here from within the module). Research suggests that trying to answer these questions on your own will improve your long-term memory of the concepts (McDaniel et al., 2009).

Question

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ANSWER: Clinical observations and lesioning reveal the general effects of brain damage. Electrical, chemical, or magnetic stimulation can also reveal aspects of information processing in the brain. MRI scans show anatomy. EEG, PET, and fMRI (functional MRI) recordings reveal brain function.

Question

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ANSWER: The brainstem, the oldest part of the brain, is responsible for automatic survival functions. Its components are the medulla (which controls heartbeat and breathing), the pons (which helps coordinate movements and control sleep), and the reticular formation (which affects arousal). The thalamus, sitting above the brainstem, acts as the brain's sensory control center. The cerebellum, attached to the rear of the brainstem, enables nonverbal learning and skill memory, helps coordinates muscle movement and balance, and also helps process sensory information.

Question

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ANSWER: The limbic system is linked to emotions, memory, and drives. Its neural centers include the amygdala (involved in responses of aggression and fear); the hypothalamus (involved in various bodily maintenance functions, pleasurable rewards, and the control of the endocrine system); and the hippocampus (which processes conscious memories). The hypothalamus also controls the pituitary (the “master gland”) by stimulating it to trigger the release of hormones.

Terms and Concepts to Remember

Test yourself on these terms.

Question

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Experience the Testing Effect

Test yourself repeatedly throughout your studies. This will not only help you figure out what you know and don’t know; the testing itself will help you learn and remember the information more effectively thanks to the testing effect.

Question 2.11

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Question 2.12

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Question 2.13

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Question 2.14

4. The part of the brain that coordinates voluntary movement and enables nonverbal learning and memory is the +FkV9cYkWVl7P4HI0cEy4Q== .

Question 2.15

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Question 2.16

6. A cat's ferocious response to electrical brain stimulation would lead you to suppose the electrode had touched the XXrTlZEqkB70qv+z3zFo3w== .

Question 2.17

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Question 2.18

8. The initial reward center discovered by Olds and Milner was located in the ttK00UXNXq5Kmwt4637THFF84ME= .

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