REVIEW Intelligence and Its Assessment

Learning Objectives

Test Yourself by taking a moment to answer each of these Learning Objective Questions (repeated here from within the module). Research suggests that trying to answer these questions on your own will improve your long-term memory of the concepts (McDaniel et al., 2009).

Question

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ANSWER: Intelligence is a mental quality consisting of the potential to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations. Charles Spearman proposed that we have one general intelligence (g) underlying all other specific mental abilities. He helped develop factor analysis, a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related abilities.

Question

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ANSWER: Savant syndrome seems to support Howard Gardner's view that we have multiple intelligences. He proposed eight independent intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and naturalist. (He has also proposed a ninth possible intelligence—existential intelligence—the ability to ponder deep questions about life.) Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory proposes three intelligence areas that predict real-world skills: analytical (academic problem solving), creative, and practical. Critics note research that has confirmed a general intelligence factor. But highly successful people also tend to be conscientious, well-connected, and doggedly energetic.

Question

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ANSWER: Emotional intelligence, which is an aspect of social intelligence, is the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions. Emotionally intelligent people achieve greater personal and professional success. Some critics question whether calling these abilities “intelligence” stretches that concept too far.

353

Question

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ANSWER: An intelligence test is a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with others, using numerical scores. Aptitude tests measure the ability to learn, while achievement tests measure what we have already learned.

Question

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ANSWER: Alfred Binet started the modern intelligence-testing movement in France in 1904 when he developed questions to help predict children's future progress in the Paris school system. During the early twentieth century, Lewis Terman of Stanford University revised Binet's work for use in the United States. He believed intelligence was inherited, and he thought his Stanford-Binet could help guide people toward appropriate opportunities. Terman's assumption that certain ethnic groups were naturally more intelligent realized Binet's fear that intelligence tests would be used to label children and limit their opportunities. William Stern contributed the concept of the IQ (intelligence quotient). The most widely used intelligence tests today are the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and Wechsler's tests for children. These tests differ from their predecessors in the way they offer an overall intelligence score as well as scores for various verbal and performance areas.

Question

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ANSWER: The distribution of test scores often forms a normal (bell-shaped) curve around the central average score, with fewer and fewer scores at the extremes. Standardization establishes a basis for meaningful score comparisons by giving a test to a representative sample of future test-takers. Reliability is the extent to which a test yields consistent results (on two halves of the test, on alternative forms of the test, or when people are retested). Validity is the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to. A test has content validity if it samples the pertinent behavior (as a driving test measures driving ability). It has predictive validity if it predicts a behavior it was designed to predict. (Aptitude tests have predictive ability if they can predict future achievements; their predictive power is best for the early school years.)

Question

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ANSWER: Cross-sectional studies (comparing people of different ages) and longitudinal studies (retesting the same group over a period of years) have shown that fluid intelligence declines in older adults, in part because neural processing slows. However, crystallized intelligence tends to increase.

Question

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ANSWER: The stability of intelligence test scores increases with age. At age 4, scores fluctuate somewhat but begin to predict adolescent and adult scores. By early adolescence, scores are very stable and predictive.

Question

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ANSWER: At the low extreme are those with unusually low scores. An intelligence test score of or below 70 is one diagnostic criterion for the diagnosis of intellectual disability; other criteria are limited conceptual, social, and practical skills. One condition included in this category is Down syndrome, a developmental disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. People at the high-intelligence extreme tend to be healthy and well-adjusted, as well as unusually successful academically.

Terms and Concepts to Remember

Test yourself on these terms.

Question

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Experience the Testing Effect

Test yourself repeatedly throughout your studies. This will not only help you figure out what you know and don’t know; the testing itself will help you learn and remember the information more effectively thanks to the testing effect.

Question 9.13

1. Charles Spearman suggested we have one iuCuS9jJzViTEOrFXb4BEksmFooSEatT8zj3C85TUlymgcU5RfmjAi6DLWcR/CLXzCFpQ6oQOfPi21ccy16NWw46PG9nHYDyJ+RxEY6P2mA= underlying success across a variety of intellectual abilities.

Question 9.14

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Question 9.15

3. Sternberg's three types of intelligence are r1/mTF1DvqU5Wenll5govlltQHJeO4Xe2KuIe8vnfj5DmyRM , JRi03m/YEoRRXQq9MLlPkKS3y5ybiC1kLJW89r/Hr68t2Gza , and ib3njY3iK5kcYFzztW2PhrmWznDiE5mCQKVeNQD8NzzP4kGr .

Question 9.16

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Question 9.17

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Question 9.18

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Question 9.19

7. The Stanford-Binet, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children yield consistent results—on retesting, for example. In other words, these tests have high nE5ohSZpRxwgbB+Qe0mtUw== .

Question 9.20

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ANSWER: Writers' work relies more on crystallized intelligence, or accumulated knowledge, which increases with age. For top performance, scientists doing research may need more fluid intelligence (speedy and abstract reasoning), which tends to decrease with age.

Question 9.21

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