Automobile Markups by Firms in China, 1995–2001 This diagram shows the percentage markups (price over marginal cost) applied to automobiles sold in China from 1995 to 2001, by various producers. The highest markup was charged by Shanghai Volkswagen, which had a local monopoly in Shanghai.

Source: Haiyan Deng, 2006, “Market Structure and Pricing Strategy of China’s Automobile Industry.”