4.1 Section Title
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Critical Thinking Exercise
Up All Night
Marcus, a 19-year-old college freshman, is having a problem with sleep. It is currently the week before Thanksgiving and all his classes have scheduled exams right before the holiday break. He has been up studying all hours of the night and sleeping periodically at random times during the day. He drinks energy drinks throughout the day and night to stay awake. During the day, he keeps his shades drawn while he sleeps. He works at night by the light of his desk lamp and computer monitor. His roommate has voiced concern over his sleeping habits, as he sees Marcus toss and turn all night, frequently getting up and walking around. Marcus never sleeps for more than an hour at a time before his sleep is disturbed. Even though Marcus has studied for weeks for his exams, his scores do not reflect that effort. In fact, he has failed the exams in his best classes.
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The two types of sleep are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and each produces a unique pattern of brain waves, respiration, and physiological changes. REM sleep is characterized by increased brain activity, breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure compared to NREM sleep. It is the type of sleep most important to development and to brain connections. REM is also the only type of sleep at which dreaming occurs.
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Our bodies function on a 90-minute biological rhythm, which is necessary to allow us to pass through the first four stages of sleep over the course of the night. Without sleeping for at least 90 minutes, Marcus never reaches the third stage of sleep, the stage most important to alertness, immune response, and other physiologically restorative actions.
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Marcus likely was suffering from sleep debt due to his extended period of disrupted sleep. The loss of sleep typically slows reaction times, concentration, and visual attention on tasks, and hampers focus in general. Because of his impeded ability to focus, Marcus likely was not able to think clearly enough to reason and answer the exam questions correctly.
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Marcus will have problems with learning and memory. Not getting enough sleep on a regular basis can lead to significant impairments in attention, slower reaction times, increased risk of auto accidents, an increase in BMI, and a greater likelihood of becoming overweight or obese.