Figure 13.1
Cave of Altamira. This painting of a now-extinct species of bison was found in the Cave of Altamira, located near Santander, Spain. Some of the images in this cave were made about 35,600 years ago and are among the earliest known cave paintings in Europe. Stone tools were used to grind various Earth materials, including iron oxides and ochre from rocks, to make the paints. These bison were hunted using stone-tipped spears.(© Heritage Images/Getty Images)