Study Guide

Chapter Key Terms

You should know the definitions of the following key terms from the chapter. They are listed in the order in which they appear in the chapter. For those you do not know, return to the relevant section of the chapter to learn them. When you think that you know all of the terms, complete the matching exercise based on these key terms.

personality

conscious mind

preconscious mind

unconscious mind

id

pleasure principle

ego

reality principle

superego

defense mechanism

erogenous zone

fixation

oral stage of psychosexual development

anal stage of psychosexual development

phallic stage of psychosexual development

Oedipus conflict

identification

latency stage of psychosexual development

genital stage of psychosexual development

hierarchy of needs

self-actualization

conditions of worth

unconditional positive regard

self-system

self-efficacy

external locus of control

internal locus of control

learned helplessness

attribution

self-serving bias

traits

personality inventory

projective test

Key Terms Exercise

Identify the correct term for each of the following definitions.

Question 8.1

1. A process used by the ego to distort reality and protect a person from anxiety.

__________________________________________________

defense mechanism

Question 8.2

2. Unconditional acceptance and approval of a person by others.

__________________________________________________

unconditional positive regard

Question 8.3

3. A judgment of one’s effectiveness in dealing with particular situations.

__________________________________________________

self-efficacy

Question 8.4

4. The third psychosexual stage in Freud’s theory (from ages 3 to 6 years old) in which the erogenous zone is located at the genitals, and the child derives pleasure from genital stimulation.

__________________________________________________

phallic stage of psychosexual development

Question 8.5

5. The principle of finding gratification for instinctual drives within the constraints of reality (norms of society).

__________________________________________________

reality principle

Question 8.6

6. The part of the personality that a person is born with and that contains the biological instinctual drives and is located in the unconscious mind.

__________________________________________________

id

Question 8.7

7. The process by which children adopt the characteristics of the same-sex parent and learn their gender role and sense of morality.

__________________________________________________

identification

348

Question 8.8

8. The tendency to make attributions so that one can perceive oneself favorably.

__________________________________________________

self-serving bias

Question 8.9

9. A personality test that uses a series of ambiguous stimuli to which the test takers must respond about their perceptions of the stimuli.

__________________________________________________

projective test

Question 8.10

10. The perception that chance or external forces beyond one’s individual control determine one’s fate.

__________________________________________________

external locus of control

Question 8.11

11. Freud’s term for the area of the body where the id’s pleasure-seeking energies are focused during a particular stage of psychosexual development.

__________________________________________________

erogenous zone

Question 8.12

12. The behaviors and attitudes for which other people, starting with our parents, will give us positive regard.

__________________________________________________

conditions of worth

Question 8.13

13. Freud’s term for what is stored in our memories that we are not presently aware of but can access.

__________________________________________________

preconscious

Question 8.14

14. The process by which we explain our own behavior and that of others.

__________________________________________________

attribution

Question 8.15

15. Freud’s term for the part of the personality that represents one’s conscience and idealized standards of behavior.

__________________________________________________

superego

Practice Test Questions

The following are practice multiple-choice test questions on some of the chapter content. If you guessed or incorrectly answered a question, restudy the relevant section of the chapter.

Question 8.16

1. According to Freud, the ______, the executive of the personality, is located ______
  1. ego; entirely in the unconscious
  2. ego; in all three levels of awareness
  3. superego; entirely in the unconscious
  4. superego; in all three levels of awareness

b; ego; in all three levels of awareness

Question 8.17

2. A woman has unacceptable feelings of hatred toward her mother, but lavishes attention and love on her. Freud would say that this is an example of ______.
  1. projection
  2. reaction formation
  3. displacement
  4. sublimation

b; reaction formation

Question 8.18

3. Which of the following neo-Freudian theorists proposed “striving for superiority” as the primary motivation for personality development?
  1. Carl Jung
  2. Karen Horney
  3. Alfred Adler
  4. Erik Erikson

c; Alfred Adler

Question 8.19

4. In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, ______ needs are at the bottom of the hierarchy, and ______ needs are at the top.
  1. physiological; self-actualization
  2. self-actualization; physiological
  3. safety; belonging and love
  4. belonging and love; safety

a; physiological; self-actualization

Question 8.20

5. In Rogers’s self theory, which of the following contributes greatly to one’s self-actualization?
  1. conditional positive regard
  2. unconditional positive regard
  3. an internal locus of control
  4. an external locus of control

b; unconditional positive regard

Question 8.21

6. “Self-efficacy” is the answer to which of the following questions?
  1. What is the fullest realization of a person’s potential?
  2. What is a sense of one’s effectiveness in dealing with a particular situation?
  3. What is the perception that one controls one’s own fate?
  4. What is the tendency to make attributions so that one can view one’s self favorably?

b; What is a sense of one’s effectiveness in dealing with a particular situation?

Question 8.22

7. After losing a tennis match, which of the following comments is a person most likely to make if self-serving bias is operating?
  1. “I should have practiced more.”
  2. “I made too many unforced errors.”
  3. “My opponent had the advantage of playing on his home court.”
  4. “My mental concentration was lacking.”

c; “My opponent had the advantage of playing on his home court.”

Question 8.23

8. Which of the following theoretical approaches uses factor analysis to determine the number of factors necessary to describe human personality?
  1. the psychoanalytic approach
  2. the trait approach
  3. the humanistic approach
  4. the social-cognitive approach

b; the trait approach

Question 8.24

9. Which one of Eysenck’s three personality factors is not one of the “Big Five” factors?
  1. openness
  2. neuroticism
  3. psychoticism
  4. agreeableness

c; psychoticism

Question 8.25

10. Which of the following personality tests uses True–False items and generates a profile of the test taker on 10 clinical scales?
  1. MMPI-2
  2. Rorschach Inkblot Test
  3. TAT
  4. all of the above

a; MMPI-2

Question 8.26

11. According to social-cognitive personality theorists, which of the following is least likely to lead to depression?
  1. low sense of self-esteem
  2. self-serving bias
  3. external locus of control
  4. learned helplessness

b; self-serving bias

Question 8.27

12. Which of the following trait dimensions is one of the “Big Five” personality dimensional labels?
  1. aggressiveness
  2. effectiveness
  3. cheerfulness
  4. openness

d; openness

Question 8.28

13. Inferiority complex is to basic anxiety as ______ is to ________.
  1. Adler; Horney
  2. Horney; Adler
  3. Jung; Horney
  4. Horney; Jung

a; Adler; Horney

Question 8.29

14. Imagine a patient who was just diagnosed with a serious illness. According to Julian Rotter, if the patient has a strong internal locus of control, what is the patient’s most likely response to the situation?
  1. “Whatever happens, it is in God’s hands.”
  2. “I’ll just do what the doctor says and trust his judgment.”
  3. “Whether I make it or not is just a matter of luck.”
  4. “I want to learn about this illness and work to fight it.”

d; “I want to learn about this illness and work to fight it.”

Question 8.30

15. Glenn’s room looks like a tornado hit it. He is incredibly messy. His car is filled with old pizza boxes, last month’s newspapers, and dirty laundry. According to Freud, Glenn is most likely fixated at the ______ stage.
  1. phallic
  2. oral
  3. anal
  4. genital

c; anal