1.

An explanation of a correlation between two variables in terms of another variable that could possibly be responsible for the observed relationship between the two variables.

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third-variable problem

2.

A control measure in an experiment in which neither the experimenters nor the participants know which participants are in the experimental and control groups.

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double-blind procedure

3.

The score positioned in the middle of a distribution of scores when all of the scores are arranged from lowest to highest.

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median

4.

An asymmetric frequency distribution in which there are some unusually high scores that distort the mean to be greater than the median.

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right-skewed distribution

5.

Improvement due to the expectation of improving because of receiving treatment.

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placebo effect

6.

An inverse relationship between two variables.

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negative correlation

7.

A control measure in an experiment in which participants are randomly assigned to groups in order to equalize participant characteristics across the various groups in the experiment.

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random assignment

8.

The percentage of scores below a specific score in a distribution of scores.

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percentile rank

9.

A research perspective whose major explanatory focus is how the brain, nervous system, and other physiological mechanisms produce our behavior and mental processes.

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biological perspective

10.

A description of the operations or procedures that a researcher uses to manipulate or measure a variable.

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operational definition

11.

The tendency, after learning about an outcome, to be overconfident in one’s ability to have predicted it.

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hindsight bias (I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon)

12.

A visual depiction of correlational data in which each data point represents the scores on the two variables for each participant.

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scatterplot

13.

The entire group of people that a researcher is studying.

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population

14.

The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution of scores.

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range

15.

Statistical analyses that allow researchers to draw conclusions about the results of a study by determining the probability the results are due to random variation (chance).

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inferential statistical analyses