1.

The knowledge that an object exists independent of perceptual contact with it.

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object permanence

2.

An innate human reflex that leads infants to turn their mouth toward anything that touches their cheeks and search for something to suck on.

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rooting reflex

3.

The fertilized egg that is formed from the union of the sperm and egg cells in human reproduction.

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zygote

4.

Piaget’s term for the modification of present schemas to fit with new experiences.

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accommodation

5.

A style of parenting in which the parents are demanding, but set rational limits for their children and communicate well with their children.

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authoritative parenting

6.

The type of attachment indicated by the infant exploring freely in the presence of the mother in the Ainsworth Strange Situation procedure, but displaying distress when the mother leaves, and responding enthusiastically when she returns.

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secure attachment

7.

The different format of speech that adults use when talking with babies that involves the use of shorter sentences with a higher, more melodious pitch.

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baby talk (parentese)

8.

Agents such as drugs, viruses, diseases, and physical conditions that impair prenatal development and lead to birth defects and sometimes death.

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teratogens

9.

A study in which the performance of the same group of participants is examined at different ages.

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longitudinal study

10.

According to Vygotsky, the difference between what a child can actually do and what the child could do with the help of others.

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zone of proximal development

11.

The smallest distinctive speech sounds in a language.

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phonemes

12.

Using two-word sentences with mainly nouns and verbs.

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telegraphic speech

13.

The knowledge that the quantitative properties of objects (such as mass and number) remain the same despite changes in appearance.

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conservation

14.

A style of teaching in which the teacher adjusts the level of help in relation to the child’s level of performance while orienting the child toward the upper level of his or her zone of proximal development.

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scaffolding

15.

The set of innate tendencies or dispositions that lead a person to behave in certain ways.

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temperament