Survey of tenses

Tenses are classified as present, past, and future, with simple, perfect, and progressive forms for each.

SIMPLE TENSES The simple tenses indicate relatively simple time relations. The simple present tense is used primarily for actions occurring at the same time they are being discussed or for actions occurring regularly. The simple past tense is used for actions completed in the past. The simple future tense is used for actions that will occur in the future. In the following table, the simple tenses are given for the regular verb walk, the irregular verb ride, and the highly irregular verb be.

PERFECT TENSES More complex time relations are indicated by the perfect tenses. A verb in one of the perfect tenses (a form of have plus the past participle) expresses an action that was or will be completed at the time of another action.

PROGRESSIVE FORMS The simple and perfect tenses have progressive forms that describe actions in progress. A progressive verb consists of a form of be followed by a present participle. The progressive forms are not normally used with certain verbs, such as believe, know, hear, and seem.

Special uses of the present tense

Use the present tense when expressing general truths, when writing about literature, and when quoting, summarizing, or paraphrasing an author’s views.

General truths or scientific principles should appear in the present tense unless such principles have been disproved.

Because Galileo’s teaching has not been discredited, the verb should be in the present tense. The following sentence, however, is acceptable: Ptolemy taught that the sun revolved around the earth.

When writing about a work of literature, you may be tempted to use the past tense. The convention in the humanities, however, is to describe fictional events in the present tense.

When you are quoting, summarizing, or paraphrasing the author of a nonliterary work, use present-tense verbs such as writes, reports, asserts, and so on to introduce the source. This convention is usually followed even when the author is dead (unless a date or the context specifies the time of writing).

In MLA style, signal phrases are written in the present tense, not the past tense.

APA NOTE: When you are documenting a paper with the APA (American Psychological Association) style of in-text citations, use past tense verbs such as reported or demonstrated or present perfect verbs such as has reported or has demonstrated to introduce the source.

The past perfect tense

The past perfect tense consists of a past participle preceded by had (had worked, had gone). This tense is used for an action already completed by the time of another past action or for an action already completed at some specific past time.

Writers sometimes use the simple past tense when they should use the past perfect.

The past perfect tense is needed because the action of leaving was already completed at a specific past time (when dinner was served).

Some writers tend to overuse the past perfect tense. Do not use the past perfect if two past actions occurred at the same time.