Correct. The answer is b. Kennan’s suggestion that the United States would need to apply strong counterforce to every situation in which the Soviet Union attempted to extend its reach became the basis for containment, which defined America’s evolving stance toward the Soviet Union in the Cold War years.

Incorrect. The answer is b. Kennan’s suggestion that the United States would need to apply strong counterforce to every situation in which the Soviet Union attempted to extend its reach became the basis for containment, which defined America’s evolving stance toward the Soviet Union in the Cold War years.

Correct. The answer is d. Lippmann argued that Kennan had overlooked the Soviet Union’s history as the Russian Empire and failed to see that its post-World War II actions would not take place “at a series of constantly shifting geographical and political points,” but specifically in territory that Russia had previously controlled. “Instead of seeking ‘to contain’ the Soviet Union all over the Eurasian continent,” Lippmann suggested, “American diplomatic effort should be concentrated on the problem created by the armistice—which is on how the continent of Europe can be evacuated by the three non-European armies which are now inside Europe.”

Incorrect. The answer is d. Lippmann argued that Kennan had overlooked the Soviet Union’s history as the Russian Empire and failed to see that its post-World War II actions would not take place “at a series of constantly shifting geographical and political points,” but specifically in territory that Russia had previously controlled. “Instead of seeking ‘to contain’ the Soviet Union all over the Eurasian continent,” Lippmann suggested, “American diplomatic effort should be concentrated on the problem created by the armistice—which is on how the continent of Europe can be evacuated by the three non-European armies which are now inside Europe.”

Correct. The answer is b. Wherry, like many Americans in the 1950s, believed that because homosexuals were typically closeted, their need to keep their sexuality a secret made them more vulnerable to blackmail. That vulnerability, policymakers suggested, made gay men a potential threat to U.S. national security.

Incorrect. The answer is b. Wherry, like many Americans in the 1950s, believed that because homosexuals were typically closeted, their need to keep their sexuality a secret made them more vulnerable to blackmail. That vulnerability, policymakers suggested, made gay men a potential threat to U.S. national security.

Correct. The answer is a. While the committee recommended a more vigorous and thorough effort to purge the government of “sex perverts,” they wanted the process to take place according to “the traditional American concepts of justice and fair play.” To that end, they suggested that no dismissals take place until after a thorough review; that accused employees be informed of the charges against them so that they might have a chance to respond to them; and that an outside review board be established where dismissed employees could appeal their dismissal.

Incorrect. The answer is a. While the committee recommended a more vigorous and thorough effort to purge the government of “sex perverts,” they wanted the process to take place according to “the traditional American concepts of justice and fair play.” To that end, they suggested that no dismissals take place until after a thorough review; that accused employees be informed of the charges against them so that they might have a chance to respond to them; and that an outside review board be established where dismissed employees could appeal their dismissal.

Correct. The answer is c. The Eisenhower administration aimed to limit the costs of containment and implemented its “New Look” defense policy in order to do so. The new approach cut expensive conventional military forces and relied on the nation’s nuclear arsenal instead. It also stepped up production of the hydrogen bomb and developed long-range bombing capabilities.

Incorrect. The answer is c. The Eisenhower administration aimed to limit the costs of containment and implemented its “New Look” defense policy in order to do so. The new approach cut expensive conventional military forces and relied on the nation’s nuclear arsenal instead. It also stepped up production of the hydrogen bomb and developed long-range bombing capabilities.

Correct. The answer is d. After the Soviet Union tested its first atomic weapon in 1949, the United States reassessed its position in the postwar world. In April 1950, the National Security Council issued NSC-68, which urged a crash program to maintain America’s nuclear edge, including the development of a hydrogen bomb, and increased taxes to finance “a bold and massive program of rebuilding the West’s defensive potential to surpass that of the Soviet World.” As it sought to respond to the development of Soviet nuclear capabilities with the creation of more nuclear weapons, the United States also began to promote civilian defense, urging Americans to respond to the Soviet threat through preparedness and the building of family shelters.

Incorrect. The answer is d. After the Soviet Union tested its first atomic weapon in 1949, the United States reassessed its position in the postwar world. In April 1950, the National Security Council issued NSC-68, which urged a crash program to maintain America’s nuclear edge, including the development of a hydrogen bomb, and increased taxes to finance “a bold and massive program of rebuilding the West’s defensive potential to surpass that of the Soviet World.” As it sought to respond to the development of Soviet nuclear capabilities with the creation of more nuclear weapons, the United States also began to promote civilian defense, urging Americans to respond to the Soviet threat through preparedness and the building of family shelters.