FIGURE 13.1 Economies of the North and South, 1860 This figure provides graphic testimony to the enormous advantages in resources the North held on the eve of the Civil War. Perhaps most surprisingly, the North led the South in farm acreage as well as factories and commodity output. Over four years of war, the North’s significantly larger population would also prove crucial. Source: Data from Stanley Engerman, “The Economic Impact of the Civil War,” in The Reinterpretation of American Economic History, ed. Robert W. Fogel and Stanley Engerman (New York: Harper and Row).