Correct: The answer is a. President Johnson viewed ability as stretched or stunted by the poverty or richness of one’s surroundings.

Incorrect: The answer is a. President Johnson viewed ability as stretched or stunted by the poverty or richness of one’s surroundings.

Correct: The answer is c. “…Where a recipient operates…a team in a particular sport for only one sex and athletic opportunities for the other sex have previously been limited, members of the excluded sex must be allowed to try out for the team offered unless the sport involved is a contact sport.”

Incorrect: The answer is c. “…Where a recipient operates…a team in a particular sport for only one sex and athletic opportunities for the other sex have previously been limited, members of the excluded sex must be allowed to try out for the team offered unless the sport involved is a contact sport.”

Correct: The answer is d. Glazer’s main argument is that racial and ethnic groups make poor categories for the creating public policy. He believes that special opportunity should be available based on need and not race.

Incorrect: The answer is d. Glazer’s main argument is that racial and ethnic groups make poor categories for the creating public policy. He believes that special opportunity should be available based on need and not race.

Correct: The answer is a. Powell viewed race as one of the many elements that can be used in the college selection process as long as there is no discriminatory intent. In striving for a diverse college population, the race of an applicant may tip the balance in his favor, just as geographic origin may tip the balance of another candidate’s case.

Incorrect: The answer is a. Powell viewed race as one of the many elements that can be used in the college selection process as long as there is no discriminatory intent. In striving for a diverse college population, the race of an applicant may tip the balance in his favor, just as geographic origin may tip the balance of another candidate’s case.

Correct: The answer is a. The counter-argument is that the color-blind ideal is unrealistic and will keep certain race and genders from being gainfully employed. Painter was hired by two history departments that had no black or female members before the late 1960s when affirmative action was put in place.

Incorrect: The answer is a. The counter-argument is that the color-blind ideal is unrealistic and will keep certain race and genders from being gainfully employed. Painter was hired by two history departments that had no black or female members before the late 1960s when affirmative action was put in place.