Chapter 2. The Right Brain Versus the Left Brain

2.1 Welcome

Think Like a Scientist
true
dependent variable
The factor that is observed and measured for change in an experiment, thought to be influenced by the independent variable; also called the outcome variable.
corpus callosum
A thick band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres and acts as a communication link between them.

Think Like a Scientist

The Right Brain Versus the Left Brain

By: Susan A. Nolan, Seton Hall University Sandra E. Hockenbury

FAQ

What is Think Like a Scientist?
Think Like a Scientist is a digital activity designed to help you develop your scientific thinking skills. Each activity places you in a different, real-world scenario, asking you to think critically about a specific claim.

Can instructors track your progress in Think Like a Scientist?
Scores from the five-question assessments at the end of each activity can be reported to your instructor. To ensure your privacy while participating in non-assessment features, which can include pseudoscientific quizzes or games, no other student response is saved or reported.

How is Think Like a Scientist aligned with the APA Guidelines 2.0?
The American Psychological Association’s “Guidelines for the Undergraduate Psychology Major” provides a set of learning goals for students. Think Like a Scientist addresses several of these goals, although it is specifically designed to develop skills from APA Goal 2: Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking.
“The Right Brain Versus the Left Brain” covers many outcomes, including:

  • Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena: Use psychology concepts to explain personal experiences and recognize the potential for flaws in behavioral explanations based on simplistic, personal theories [explore evidence that we’re either “right-brained” or “left-brained”]
  • Demonstrate psychology information literacy: Describe what kinds of additional information beyond personal experience are acceptable in developing behavioral explanations [identify common pseudoscience strategies]

REFERENCES

Allen, Daniel N.; Strauss, Gregory P.; Kemtes, Karen A.; & Goldstein, Gerald. (2007). Hemispheric contributions to nonverbal abstract reasoning and problem solving. Neuropsychology, 21, 713-720. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.21.6.713

Aziz-Zadeh, Lisa; S.-L. Liew, Sook-Lei; & Dandekar, Francesco. (2013). Exploring the neural correlates of visual creativity. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 8, 475-480. doi:10.1093/scan/nss021

Gazzaniga, Michael S. (2005). Forty-five years of split-brain research and still going strong. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6, 653-659. doi:10.1038/nrn1723

Goswami, Usha. (2006). Neuroscience and education: From research to practice? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7, 406-413. doi:10.1038/nrn1907

Nielsen, Jared A.; Zielinski, Brandon A.; Ferguson, Michael A.; Lainhart, Janet E.; & Anderson, Jeffrey S. (2013). An evaluation of the left-brain vs. right-brain hypothesis with resting state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging. PLoS ONE, 8, e71275. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071275

Springer, Sally P., & Deutsch, Georg. (2001). Left brain, right brain: Perspectives from cognitive neuroscience. (5th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman/Worth Publishers.

Volz, Lukas J., & Gazzaniga, Michael S. (2017). Interaction in isolation: 50 years of insights from split-brain research. Brain, 140, 2051-2060. doi:10.1093/brain/awx139

2.2 Introduction

This activity invites you to test the claim that people can be “right-brained” or “left-brained.” First, you’ll take a quiz that is similar to many of the right-brained/left-brained quizzes that you can find online. You will then consider evidence from research on brain activity to explore the question of whether people are left-brained or right-brained. You’ll consider alternative explanations for the reasons many of us believe that people can be left-brained or right-brained. And you’ll explore questions about the source of online quizzes claiming that they can sort us into right-brained people and left-brained people.

2.3 Identify the Claim

1.

Identify the Claim

2.3.1 Are You Right-Brained or Left-Brained?

Have you seen online quizzes that claim to determine whether you are left-brained or right-brained? The assumption behind these quizzes is that left-brained people are rational and analytical, and right-brained people are creative and artistic. The results of such tests are being used in real-life situations. For example, some elementary school teachers have been encouraged to test their students to determine whether they are left-brained or right-brained. There are even courses designed to help teachers adjust their teaching styles to fit the children in each category (Goswami, 2006).

What do we learn from right-brained/left-brained assessments? We’ll explore the evidence, but first, look over this mock Web site, which is similar to many right-brain/left-brain quiz sites online. (You can click the image to enlarge.) On the next screen, you can take the quiz advertised on this site.

This is a mock website named BrainPsych that provides brain quizzes for users.
Peathegee Inc/Getty Images

2.3.2 Take the Mock Quiz

Imagine you are intrigued by the Web site you just viewed, and you want to take the advertised quiz. The mock quiz below was developed from actual quizzes available online, and you can try it now. You must complete all 17 questions in this mock quiz in order to receive your “right-brain/left-brain results” and advance to the next screen of the Think Like a Scientist activity. (Have fun with this quiz! Your answers will not be recorded and will not be reported to your instructor.)

Question 2.1

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2.3.3 Take the Mock Quiz

Question 2.2

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2.3.4 Take the Mock Quiz

Question 2.3

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2.3.5 Take the Mock Quiz

Question 2.4

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2.3.6 Take the Mock Quiz

Question 2.5

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2.3.7 Take the Mock Quiz

Question 2.6

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2.3.8 Take the Mock Quiz

Question 2.7

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2.3.9 Take the Mock Quiz

Question 2.8

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2.3.10 Take the Mock Quiz

Question 2.9

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2.3.11 Take the Mock Quiz

Question 2.10

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2.3.12 Take the Mock Quiz

Question 2.11

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The image is an outline of a star inside the outline of a circle.

2.3.13 Take the Mock Quiz

Question 2.12

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2.3.14 Take the Mock Quiz

Question 2.13

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2.3.15 Take the Mock Quiz

Question 2.14

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2.3.16 Take the Mock Quiz

Question 2.15

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2.3.17 Take the Mock Quiz

Question 2.16

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2.3.18 Take the Mock Quiz

Question 2.17

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2.3.19 What Would It Mean to Be Right-Brained or Left-Brained?

What would it mean to be “right-brained,” “left-brained,” or “balanced”? Quizzes like the one you just took work to sort us into categories, which are associated with a set of characteristics. Knowing what category we fit in will supposedly help us identify a range of fundamental information about ourselves. For example, this image, developed from infographics available online, claims to list the specific differences between “right-brained” people and “left-brained” people. As you can see, “left-brained” people are said to be analytical and linear in their thinking, whereas “right-brained” people are viewed as intuitive and holistic.

An illustration of the human brain differentiates the psychological behaviors associated with the right and left sides of the brain.

Question

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These sites claim that you can determine if you’re “right-brained” or “left-brained” from a fun online quiz. Then, once you know what type you are, you can gain important information about yourself, including preferences, personality characteristics, abilities, and learning styles.

2.4 Evaluate the Evidence

2.

Evaluate the Evidence

2.4.1 The Interconnected Brain

As you learned when reading the Neuroscience and Behavior chapter in your textbook, the “right brain”—or right hemisphere—and the “left brain”—or left hemisphere—are very much interconnected. They work together, via the corpus callosum, to help us speak, think, learn, and get through our days (see Allen & others, 2007; Volz & Gazzaniga, 2017). So unless the corpus callosum has been surgically sliced or otherwise damaged, the two hemispheres of our brains are always functioning in an integrated fashion.

An illustration of the human brain shows the right hemisphere, left hemisphere, and corpus callosum. The corpus callosum connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain.
Roger Harris / Science Source

2.4.2 Is Designating Someone as Right-Brained Versus Left-Brained Really Valid?

Brain scan research shows the brain’s integrated functioning. A comparison of fMRI scans of the brains of more than one thousand individuals found that, as expected, certain functions were lateralized, like language. But there was no difference among individuals in terms of preferentially relying on networks in the left hemisphere versus the right hemisphere (Nielsen & others, 2013). The researchers concluded that, as a whole, “an individual brain is not ‘left-brained’ or ‘right-brained.’”

In the intact brain, both hemispheres are always working together. So it’s simply not possible to identify a “side” that is somehow responsible for personality traits or complex behaviors. There is no evidence, for example, that the right hemisphere is more creative, intuitive, or artistic than the left (see Gazzaniga, 2005). In fact, despite the widespread belief that “right-brained” people are the creative ones, researchers found that when a task required a creative solution, there was more activation in the left hemisphere than when a task required a noncreative solution (Aziz-Zadeh & others, 2013).

Photo shows a human face and highlights both hemispheres of the brain working together.
Naeblys/Shutterstock

2.4.3 Right-Brained Versus Left-Brained Teaching

Think again about the claim that teachers should categorize their students as right- or left-brained in order to know how best to teach them. If the two hemispheres of our brain do not function independently, how can we seek to influence or communicate with only one at a time? There is no evidence that teachers are even capable of teaching just one side of the brain, never mind whether it would make a difference if they could. Education researcher Usha Goswami (2006) calls the idea that you could develop left-brained and right-brained educational techniques a “neuromyth.”

A man speaks into a megaphone at a young girl to inform her that left-brained and right-brained educational techniques are called a neuromyth.
Andrey_Popov/Shutterstock, Peter Fuchs/Shutterstock

2.5 Consider Alternative Explanations

3.

Consider Alternative Explanations

2.5.1 Why Do We Believe “Neuromyths”?

You already knew that the evidence suggested that we are not either “right-brained” or “left-brained.” After all, this is covered in the Neuroscience and Behavior chapter. What isn’t discussed is why so many people believe “neuromyths” like this. When a claim contradicts accepted scientific understanding, it’s time to think like a scientist and consider alternative explanations.

When we hear that people tend either to be right-hemisphere-dominant or left-hemisphere-dominant, it seems to makes sense. We know people who are more creative and we know others who are more analytical, so we can imagine that this difference might be grounded in our brains. Several pseudoscience strategies at work here, all described in the chapter on Introduction and Research Methods, help these claims to seem reasonable.

A young man performs an artistic activity .
Annie Marie Musselman/Getty Images
A young woman analyzes a spreadsheet in a lab environment.
Keith Brofsky/Getty Images

2.5.2 Pseudoscience Strategies

The power of pseudoscience is that it seems scientific. There are several pseudoscience strategies that may be responsible for our incorrect beliefs that we are “left-brained” or “right-brained.” In the Science Versus Pseudoscience box in the Introduction and Research Methods chapter, you learned seven strategies that are often used to make pseudoscientific claims seem scientific. Let’s look at how the mock Web site that you saw earlier in this activity uses five of these strategies.

Through various pseudoscience strategies, a claim can be made to sound convincing, even when it contradicts solid scientific evidence. The result? Obvious neuromyths remain appealing.

This is a mock website that claims to conduct informative brain tests on its users. The photo highlights common pseudoscientific strategies used on the website.
Peathegee Inc/Getty Images

2.6 Consider the Source of the Research or Claim

4.

Consider the Source of the Research or Claim

2.6.1 Where Do Right-Brain/Left-Brain Quizzes Come From?

Our tendency to believe “neuromyths” is compounded by information that we get online. Google “Am I right-brained or left-brained?” Click on a couple of the links.

Now think about the results of your search. Did it pull up any right-brain/left-brain quizzes? What kinds of organizations are associated with these tests online?

Look at one of the Web sites that you found. Which of the following are true? Click as many as are accurate. The Web site:

Question 2.18

ZycNTMvpRoSnXPUZl8FiVl5s+iDEL2Bo A. was established by a research or educational organization.

ZycNTMvpRoSnXPUZl8FiVl5s+iDEL2Bo B. was established by a for-profit business.

ZycNTMvpRoSnXPUZl8FiVl5s+iDEL2Bo C. provides opportunities to purchase products or information.

ZycNTMvpRoSnXPUZl8FiVl5s+iDEL2Bo D. provides information on how the test was developed.

Based on the results from our own searches, we can guess that you probably did not find any Web sites established by a research or educational organization. More likely, you found Web sites that aim to make money, either by selling you the results of your right-brained/left-brained test or through prominent advertising on the site. Also, the Web sites you found probably did not provide any information about how the tests were developed.
Based on the results from our own searches, we can guess that you probably did not find any Web sites established by a research or educational organization. More likely, you found Web sites that aim to make money, either by selling you the results of your right-brained/left-brained test or through prominent advertising on the site. Also, the Web sites you found probably did not provide any information about how the tests were developed.

2.6.2 Red Flags in Online Quizzes

Quizzes that claim to determine if you are “left-brained” or “right-brained” are just the tip of the iceberg in online psychology testing. There are quizzes that claim to classify your personality as Type A or Type B, to determine your ideal romantic partner, and to identify the careers in which you would be most successful. And like the right-brain/left-brain quizzes, most tests you find online are not grounded in science.

So, what should you be looking for to determine if a quiz is scientifically supported?

Remember that the mock Web site we examined earlier contains no real information about how the quiz was developed. Instead, the site offers only vague information such as “scientifically validated” and a quote from a well-known scientist to give it an air of legitimacy. These are the main red flags indicating a quiz might be pseudoscientific.

Photo shows a red flag that indicates caution to people looking at pseudoscientific websites.
Pixel Europe/Shutterstock

2.6.3 Finding Scientific Psychology Quizzes Online

So what indicates that a quiz is scientific? Look at the screenshot below of a Web site that offers assessments to measure your emotions. Below that is a second screenshot of the “About Us” information from this site. You will notice several signs that indicate a more scientific approach to psychological measurement. Among these are:

  1. Indications that the measures on this site are grounded in science, including links under the “Learn More” heading leading to resources such as peer-reviewed journal articles

  2. A university affiliation

  3. The involvement of an academic psychologist

  4. A clear science-based mission statement

This photo shows the screen shot of an official and registered webpage of a university.
Source: www.authentichappiness.sas.upenn.edu

2.6.4 Are Online Psychology Quizzes Useful or Merely Entertainment?

Earlier in this activity, our pseudoscientific quiz told you that . Based on what you’ve learned in this activity, you now know that this result is not based on real science about the brain and is not valid information. Tests like this can be fun, but don’t actually tell us anything useful.

When you encounter a psychology-related survey or assessment online, think about your psychology course and ask yourself if the science makes sense. When a test is not valid, it cannot provide you with any useful information.

Photo shows a ban symbol on the illustration of the human brain differentiated into right and left brain behaviors of them, indicating that behavioral differentiation based on the brain hemispheres is not always true.

2.6.5 Finding the Best Test

If you’re not sure about the science behind an online psychology test, look for clues on the Web site. Is it an unaffiliated organization with no clear scientific rationale for its claims? Or is it a scientific or educational organization, such as a university? Is a psychologist involved? What is her or his background?

And finally, even the best, most scientifically developed measure can’t tell you everything about yourself. Don’t put too much weight on the outcomes of any single assessment, even if it’s a good one. You’re much more than a single score!

A young man uses his laptop perhaps to take an online psychology test.
BJI/Blue Jean Images/Getty Images

2.7 Assessment

5.

Assessment

2.7.1 Assessment

Question 2.19

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The correct answer is B. Although the left and right hemispheres are specialized for some tasks, they still work together in an integrated fashion.

Question 2.20

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The correct answer is D because brain hemispheres always work together and people cannot be characterized as “left-” or “right-brained.”

Question 2.21

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The correct answer is A. The left and right hemispheres always function in an integrated fashion, communicating through the corpus callosum.

Question 2.22

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The correct answer is A because creativity, like all complex psychological processes, involves the integrated functioning of both hemispheres.

Question 2.23

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The correct answer is C. Any site can claim that “experts” have developed their products but peer-reviewed, scientific trials are the best assurance that a product is effective as claimed.