Frederick Barbarossa

In this image of Frederick, made during his lifetime, the emperor is dressed as a crusader, and the inscription tells him to fight the Muslims. The small figure on the right is the abbot of the Monastery of Schäftlarn, who gives Frederick a book that contains an account of the First Crusade. (By Robert, a monk of Reims, History of Jerusalem, Fol. 1 / Vatican Apostolic Library, The Vatican, Italy / Photo © Tarker / Bridgeman Images.)