From the Stone Age to Mesopotamian Civilization, 400,000–1000 B.C.E.
The Emergence of Cities in Mesopotamia, 4000–2350 B.C.E.
Metals and Empire Making: The Akkadians and the Ur III Dynasty, c. 2350–c. 2000 B.C.E.
The Achievements of the Assyrians, the Babylonians, and the Canaanites, 2000–1000 B.C.E.
Egypt, the First Unified Country, 3050–1000 B.C.E.
From the Unification of Egypt to the Old Kingdom, 3050–2190 B.C.E.
The Middle and New Kingdoms in Egypt, 2061–1081 B.C.E.
The Hittites, the Minoans, and the Mycenaeans, 2200–1000 B.C.E.
The Hittites, 1750–1200 B.C.E.
The Minoans, 2200–1400 B.C.E.
The Mycenaeans, 1800–1000 B.C.E.
The Violent End to Early Western Civilization, 1200–1000 B.C.E.
Mapping the West: The Violent End to Early Western Civilization, 1200–1000 B.C.E.
From Dark Age to Empire in the Near East, 1000–500 B.C.E.
The New Empire of Assyria, 900–600 B.C.E.
The Neo-Babylonian Empire, 600–539 B.C.E.
The Persian Empire, 557–500 B.C.E.
The Israelites, Origins to 539 B.C.E.
The Reemergence of Greek Civilization, 1000–750 B.C.E.
The Creation of the Greek City-State, 750–500 B.C.E.
Trade and “Colonization,” 800–580 B.C.E.
New Directions for the Greek City-State, 750–500 B.C.E.
Oligarchy in the City-State of Sparta, 700–500 B.C.E.
Tyranny in the City-State of Corinth, 657–585 B.C.E.
Democracy in the City-State of Athens, 632–500 B.C.E.
New Ways of Thought and Expression in Greece, 630–500 B.C.E.
Mapping the West: Mediterranean Civilizations, c. 500 B.C.E.
Wars between Persia and Greece, 499–479 B.C.E.
From the Ionian Revolt to the Battle of Marathon, 499–490 B.C.E.
The Great Persian Invasion, 480–479 B.C.E.
Athenian Confidence in the Golden Age, 478–431 B.C.E.
Radical Democracy and Pericles’ Leadership, 461–431 B.C.E.
The End of Athens’s Golden Age, 431–403 B.C.E.
The Peloponnesian War, 431–404 B.C.E.
Athens Defeated: Tyranny and Civil War, 404–403 B.C.E.
Mapping the West: Greece, Europe, and the Mediterranean, 400 B.C.E.
Classical Greece after the Peloponnesian War, 400–350 B.C.E.
The Execution of Socrates, 399 B.C.E.
The Rise of Macedonia, 359–323 B.C.E.
Macedonian Power and Philip II, 359–336 B.C.E.
The Rule of Alexander the Great, 336–323 B.C.E.
The Hellenistic Kingdoms, 323–30 B.C.E.
Mapping the West: Roman Takeover of the Hellenistic World, to 30 B.C.E.
Roman Society under the Kings, 753–509 B.C.E.
The Early Roman Republic, 509–287 B.C.E.
Expansion in Italy, 500–220 B.C.E.
Wars with Carthage and in the East, 264–121 B.C.E.
The Gracchus Brothers and Violence in Politics, 133–121 B.C.E.
Marius and the Origin of Client Armies, 107–100 B.C.E.
Sulla and Civil War, 91–78 B.C.E.
Julius Caesar and the Collapse of the Republic, 83–44 B.C.E.
Mapping the West: The Roman World at the End of the Republic, 44 B.C.E.
From Republic to Empire, 44 B.C.E.–14 C.E.
The Creation of the Principate, 27 B.C.E.–14 C.E.
The Perpetuation of the Principate after Augustus, 14–180 C.E.
Life in the Roman Golden Age, 96–180 C.E.
From Stability to Crisis in the Third Century C.E.
Uncontrolled Spending, Natural Disasters, and Political Crisis, 193–284 C.E.
MAPPING THE WEST: The Roman Empire in Crisis, 284 C.E.
Document 6.1: Augustus, Res Gestae (My Accomplishments)
Quiz for Document 6.1: Augustus, Res Gestae (My Accomplishments)
Document 9.2: When She Approached
Quiz for Document 9.2: When She Approached
Seeing History:
Romanesque versus Gothic:
The View Down the Nave
Document 16.1: Marie de Sévigné, Letter Describing the French Court (1675)
Quiz for Document 16.1: Marie de Sévigné, Letter Describing the French Court (1675)
Document 16.2: John Milton, Defense of Freedom of the Press (1644)
Quiz for Document 16.2: John Milton, Defense of Freedom of the Press (1644)
Document 17.2: Montesquieu, Persian Letters: Letter 37 (1721)
Quiz for Document 17.2: Montesquieu, Persian Letters: Letter 37 (1721)
Document 18.1: Denis Diderot, “Encyclopedia” (1755)
Document 18.2: Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776)
Document 21.1: Marx and Engels, The Communist Manifesto (1848)
Quiz for Document 21.1: Marx and Engels, The Communist Manifesto (1848)
Document 22.1: Mrs. Seacole: The Other Florence Nightingale
Quiz for Document 22.1: Mrs. Seacole: The Other Florence Nightingale
Document 23.2: Henrik Ibsen, From A Doll’s House
Quiz for Document 23.2: Henrik Ibsen, From A Doll’s House
Authors’ Note: The B.C.E./C.E. Dating System