Chapter 20 Review: Important Events
| 1799 | Coup against Directory government in France; Napoleon Bonaparte is named First Consul |
| 1801 | Napoleon signs concordat with the pope |
| 1804 | Napoleon is crowned emperor of France, issues new Civil Code |
| 1805 | British naval forces defeat French at the battle of Trafalgar; Napoleon wins his greatest victory at the battle of Austerlitz |
| 1807–1814 | French invade and occupy Spain and Portugal |
| 1812 | Napoleon invades Russia |
| 1814–1815 | Congress of Vienna |
| 1815 | Napoleon is defeated at Waterloo and exiled to island of St. Helena, where he dies in 1821 |
| 1818 | Mary Shelley, Frankenstein |
| 1820 | Revolt of liberal army officers against Spanish crown |
| 1824 | Ludwig van Beethoven, Ninth Symphony |
| 1825 | Russian army officers demand constitutional reform in Decembrist Revolt |
| 1830 | Greece gains its independence from Ottoman Turks; rebels overthrow Charles X of France and install Louis-Philippe; rebellion in Poland against Russia fails |
| 1832 | English Parliament passes Reform Bill |
Consider three events: Congress of Vienna (1814–1815), Mary Shelley, Frankenstein (1818), and Ludwig van Beethoven, Ninth Symphony (1824). How did the peace established by the Congress of Vienna help foster these works? How might things have been different if Napoleon had not been defeated?