1. See the news release of June 24, 2015, concerning the 2014 results for the American Time Use Survey, Table 11, at bls.gov/
2. See norc.uchicago.edu.
3. Stewart Warden et al., “Throwing induces substantial torsional adaption within the midshaft humerus of male baseball players,’’ Bone, 45 (2009), pp. 931–941. The data were provided by Stewart Warden, Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Indiana University.
4. Corby C. Martin et al., “Children in school cafeterias select foods containing more saturated fat and energy than the Institute of Medicine recommendations, ’’ Journal of Nutrition, 140 (2010), pp. 1653–1660.
5. Based on “Look, no hands: Automatic soap dispensers,’’ Consumer Reports, February 2013, p. 11.
6. From “Did you know,’’ Consumer Reports, February 2013, p. 10.
7. Bruce Barrett et al., “Echinacea for treating the common cold,’’ Annals of Internal Medicine, 153 (2010), pp. 769–777.
8. For a full description of the STAR program and its follow-
9. See Note 6.
10. Based on Gerardo Ramirez and Sian L. Beilock, “Writing about testing worries boosts exam performance in the classroom,’’ Science, 331 (2011), p. 2011. Although we describe the experiment as not including a control group, the researchers who conducted this study did, in fact, use one.
11. A general discussion of failures of blinding is Dean Ferguson et al., “Turning a blind eye: The success of blinding reported in a random sample of randomised, placebo controlled trials,’’ British Medical Journal, 328 (2004), p. 432.
12. Based on a study conducted by Sandra Simonis under the direction of Professor Jon Harbor from the Purdue University Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences.
13. Based on a study conducted by Tammy Younts directed by Professor Deb Bennett of the Purdue University Department of Educational Studies. For more information about Reading Recovery, see readingrecovery.org/
N-
14. Based on a study conducted by Rajendra Chaini under the direction of Professor Bill Hoover of the Purdue University Department of Forestry and Natural Resources.
15. From the Hot Rock Songs list at billboard.com for the week of September 5, 2015.
16. From the Hot 100 list at billboard.com for the week of September 5, 2015.
17. From the online version of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Handbook of Methods, modified April 17, 2003, at bls.gov. The details of the design are more complicated than we describe.
18. For more detail on the material of this section and complete references, see P. E. Converse and M. W. Traugott, “Assessing the accuracy of polls and surveys,’’ Science, 234 (1986), pp. 1094–1098.
19. From www.census.gov/
20. From www3.norc.org/
21. See pewresearch.org/
22. See “Assessing the representativeness of public opinion surveys,’’ May 15, 2012, from people-press.org/
23. Sex: Tom W. Smith, “The JAMA controversy and the meaning of sex,’’ Public Opinion Quarterly, 63 (1999), pp. 385–400. Welfare: From a New York Times/CBS News Poll reported in the New York Times, July 5, 1992. Scotland: “All set for independence?’’ Economist, September 12, 1998. Many other examples appear in T. W. Smith, “That which we call welfare by any other name would smell sweeter,’’ Public Opinion Quarterly, 51 (1987), pp. 75–83.
24. John C. Bailar III, “The real threats to the integrity of science,’’ Chronicle of Higher Education, April 21, 1995, pp. B1–
25. The difficulties of interpreting guidelines for informed consent and for the work of institutional review boards in medical research are a main theme of Beverly Woodward, “Challenges to human subject protections in U.S. medical research,’’ Journal of the American Medical Association, 282 (1999), pp. 1947–1952. The references in this paper point to other discussions.
26. Quotation from the Report of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study Legacy Committee, May 20, 1996. A detailed history is James H. Jones, Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment, Free Press, 1993.
27. Dr. Hennekens’s words are from an interview in the Annenberg/Corporation for Public Broadcasting video series Against All Odds: Inside Statistics.
28. See ftc.gov/
29. On February 12, 2012, the CBS show 60 Minutes reported the latest news on this study, which was published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology in 2007. See cbsnews.com/
30. R. D. Middlemist, E. S. Knowles, and C. F. Matter, “Personal space invasions in the lavatory: Suggestive evidence for arousal,’’ Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33 (1976), pp. 541–546.
31. From Randi Zlotnik Shaul et al., “Legal liabilities in research: Early lessons from North America,’’ BMJ Medical Ethics, 6, No. 4 (2005), pp. 1–4.
32. The report was issued in February 2009 and is available from www.ftc.gov/