CHAPTER 6

  1. 1. Noel Cressie, Statistics for Spatial Data, Wiley, 1993. The significance test result that we report is one of several that could be used to address this question. See pp. 607–609 of the Cressie book for more details.

  2. 2. The 2014–2015 statistics for California were obtained from the California Department of Education website, dq.cde.ca.gov.

  3. 3. Based on information reported in “How America pays for college 2015,’’ found online at news.salliemae.com/files/doc_library/file/HowAmericaPaysforCollege2015FNL.pdf.

  4. 4. See Note 3. This total amount includes grants, scholarships, loans, and assistance from friends and family.

  5. 5. Average starting salary taken from the January 2015 salary survey by the National Association of Colleges and Employers.

  6. 6. See www.thekaraokechannel.com/.

  7. 7. These annual surveys can be found at www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/index.aspx.

  8. 8. C. M. Weaver et al., “Quantification of biochemical markers of bone turnover by kinetic measures of bone formation and resorption in young healthy females,’’ Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 12 (1997), pp. 1714–1720.

  9. 9. Average starting salary taken from the spring 2015 salary survey by the National Association of Colleges and Employers.

  10. 10. Euna Hand and Lisa M. Powell, “Consumption patterns of sugar-sweetened beverages in the United States,’’ Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 113, No. 1 (2013), pp. 43–53.

  11. 11. See the 2015 press release from the Student Monitor, at www.studentmonitor.com.

  12. 12. Alyssa Brown, “Americans’ life outlook best in seven years,’’ Gallup News Service, January 16, 2015. Found at www.gallup.com/.

  13. 13. The vehicle is a 2002 Toyota Prius.

  14. 14. Regional cost-of-living rates are often computed using the Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, metropolitan-area consumer price indexes. These can be found at www.bls.gov/cpi.

  15. 15. See Note 10.

  16. 16. M. Garaulet et al., “Timing of food intake predicts weight loss effectiveness,’’ International Journal of Obesity, 1 (2013), pp. 1–8.

  17. 17. Giacomo DeGiorgi et al., “Be as careful of the company you keep as of the books you read: Peer effects in education and on the labor market,’’ National Bureau of Economic Research, working paper 14948 (2009).

  18. 18. Seung-Ok Kim, “Burials, pigs, and political prestige in neolithic China,’’ Current Anthropology, 35 (1994), pp. 119–141.

  19. 19. These data were collected in connection with the Purdue Police Alcohol Student Awareness Program run by Police Officer D. A. Larson.

  20. 20. National Assessment of Educational Progress, The Nation’s Report Card, Mathematics & Reading Assessments 2015.

  21. 21. Matthew A. Lapierre et al., “Background television in the homes of U.S. children,’’ Pediatrics, 130, No. 5 (2012), pp. 839–846.

  22. 22. Sogol Javaheri et al., “Sleep quality and elevated blood pressure in adolescents,’’ Circulation, 118 (2008), pp. 1034–1040.

  23. 23. Victor Lun et al., “Evaluation of nutritional intake in Canadian high-performance athletes,’’ Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine, 19, No. 5 (2009), pp. 405–411.

  24. 24. R. A. Fisher, “The arrangement of field experiments,’’ Journal of the Ministry of Agriculture of Great Britain, 33 (1926), p. 504, quoted in Leonard J. Savage, “On rereading R. A. Fisher,’’ Annals of Statistics, 4 (1976), p. 471. Fisher’s work is described in a biography by his daughter: Joan Fisher Box, R. A. Fisher: The Life of a Scientist, Wiley, 1978.

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  25. 25. The editorial was written by Phil Anderson. See British Medical Journal, 328 (2004), pp. 476–477. A letter to the editor on this topic by Doug Altman and J. Martin Bland appeared shortly after. See “Confidence intervals illuminate absence of evidence,’’ British Medical Journal, 328 (2004), pp. 1016–1017.

  26. 26. A. Kamali et al., “Syndromic management of sexually-transmitted infections and behavior change interventions on transmission of HIV-1 in rural Uganda: A community randomised trial,’’ Lancet, 361 (2003), pp. 645–652.

  27. 27. T. D. Sterling, “Publication decisions and their possible effects on inferences drawn from tests of significance—or vice versa,’’ Journal of the American Statistical Association, 54 (1959), pp. 30–34. Related comments appear in J. K. Skipper, A. L. Guenther, and G. Nass, “The sacredness of 0.05: A note concerning the uses of statistical levels of significance in social science,’’ American Sociologist, 1 (1967), pp. 16–18.

  28. 28. For a good overview of these issues, see Bruce A. Craig, Michael A. Black, and Rebecca W. Doerge, “Gene expresssion data: The technology and statistical analysis,’’ Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics, 8 (2003), pp. 1–28.

  29. 29. Erick H. Turner et al., “Selective publication of antidepressant trials and its influence on apparent efficacy,’’ New England Journal of Medicine, 358 (2008), pp. 252–260.

  30. 30. Robert J. Schiller, “The volatility of stock market prices,’’ Science, 235 (1987), pp. 33–36.

  31. 31. Corby K. Martin et al., “Children in school cafeterias select foods containing more saturated fat and energy than the Institute of Medicine recommendations,’’ Journal of Nutrition, 140 (2010), pp. 1653–1660.

  32. 32. Data from Joan M. Susic, “Dietary phosphorus intakes, urinary and peritoneal phosphate excretion and clearance in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients,’’ MS thesis, Purdue University, 1985.

  33. 33. Mugdha Gore and Joseph Thomas, “Store image as a predictor of store patronage for nonprescription medication purchases: A multiattribute model approach,’’ Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management, 10 (1996), pp. 45–68.