CHAPTER 7

  1. 1. Average hours per week obtained from “The Total Audience Report, 4th Quarter 2014,’’ Nielsen Company (2015).

  2. 2. C. Don Wiggins, “The legal perils of ‘underdiversification’—a case study,’’ Personal Financial Planning, 1, No. 6 (1999), pp. 16–18.

  3. 3. Data provided by Bill Berezowitz and James Malloy of GE Healthcare.

  4. 4. Brent Stoffer and George W. Uetz, “The effects of social experience with varying male availability on female mate preferences in a wolf spider,’’ Behavioral Ecology Sociobiology, 69 (2015), pp. 927–937.

  5. 5. Go to www.futurity.org/fried-food-taste-without-all-the-fat/ for more information.

  6. 6. These recommendations are based on extensive computer work. See, for example, Harry O. Posten, “The robustness of the one-sample t-test over the Pearson system,’’ Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation, 9 (1979), pp. 133–149; and E. S. Pearson and N. W. Please, “Relation between the shape of population distribution and the robustness of four simple test statistics,’’ Biometrika, 62 (1975), pp. 223–241.

  7. 7. The standard reference here is Bradley Efron and Robert J. Tibshirani, An Introduction to the Bootstrap, Chapman Hall, 1993. A less technical overview is in Bradley Efron and Robert J. Tibshirani, “Statistical data analysis in the computer age,’’ Science 253 (1991), pp. 390–395.

  8. 8. From “Insolvency Statistics in Canada 2013—Annual report’’ available at www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/bsf-osb.nsf/eng/br03221.html.

  9. 9. This announcement can be found at epa.gov/fueleconomy/labelchange.htm.

  10. 10. Based on the scatterplot found at newsroom.uber.com/nyc/what-does-a-typical-new-york-uberx-partner-earn-in-a-week/.

  11. 11. Statistics are from the article “6 new facts about Facebook,’’ posted February 3, 2014, on www.pewresearch.org/.

  12. 12. A description of the lawsuit can be found at www.cnn.com/2013/02/26/business/california-anheuser-busch-lawsuit/index.html.

  13. 13. See Note 1.

  14. 14. Christine L. Porath and Amir Erez, “Overlooked but not untouched: How rudeness reduces onlookers’ performance on routine and creative tasks,’’ Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 109 (2009), pp. 29–44.

  15. 15. The vehicle is a 2002 Toyota Prius owned by the third author.

  16. 16. Information regarding Instagram can be found at locowise.com/tools.php.

  17. 17. Sujata Sethi et al., “Study of level of stress in the parents of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder,’’ Journal of Indian Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 8, No. 2 (2012), pp. 25–37.

  18. 18. James A. Levine, Norman L. Eberhardt, and Michael D. Jensen, “Role of nonexercise activity thermogenesis in resistance to fat gain in humans,’’ Science, 283 (1999), pp. 212–214. Data for this study are available from the Science website, www.sciencemag.org.

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  19. 19. These data were collected in connection with a bone health study at Purdue University and were provided by Linda McCabe.

  20. 20. Based on Praveetha Patalay et al., “Equivalence of paper and computer formats of a child self-report mental health measure,’’ European Journal of Psychological Assessment, advance online publication, doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000206.

  21. 21. Data provided by Joseph A. Wipf, Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures, Purdue University.

  22. 22. Summary information can be found at the National Center for Health Statistics website, www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm.

  23. 23. Detailed information about the conservative t procedures can be found in Paul Leaverton and John J. Birch, “Small sample power curves for the two sample location problem,’’ Technometrics, 11 (1969), pp. 299–307; in Henry Scheffé, “Practical solutions of the Behrens-Fisher problem,’’ Journal of the American Statistical Association, 65 (1970), pp. 1501–1508; and in D. J. Best and J. C. W. Rayner, “Welch’s approximate solution for the Behrens-Fisher problem,’’ Technometrics, 29 (1987), pp. 205–210.

  24. 24. This example is adapted from Maribeth C. Schmitt, “The effects of an elaborated directed reading activity on the metacomprehension skills of third graders,’’ PhD dissertation, Purdue University, 1987.

  25. 25. See the extensive simulation studies in Harry O. Posten, “The robustness of the two-sample t test over the Pearson system,’’ Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation, 6 (1978), pp. 295–311.

  26. 26. M. Garaulet et al., “Timing of food intake predicts weight loss effectiveness,’’ International Journal of Obesity, advance online publication, January 29, 2013, doi:10.1038/ijo.2012.229.

  27. 27. This study is reported in Roseann M. Lyle et al., “Blood pressure and metabolic effects of calcium supplementation in normotensive white and black men,’’ Journal of the American Medical Association, 257 (1987), pp. 1772–1776. The individual measurements in Table 7.5 were provided by Dr. Lyle.

  28. 28. J.D. Vescovi and T. Goodale, “Physical demands of womens Rugby Sevens matches: Female athletes in motion (FAiM) study,’’ International Journal of Sports Medicine, advance online publication, doi:10.1055/s-0035-1548940.

  29. 29. Elizabeth F Beach and Valerie Nie, “Noise levels in fitness classes are still too high: Evidence from 1997–1998 and 2009–2011,’’ Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health 69, No. 4 (2014), pp. 223–230.

  30. 30. Y. Charles Zhang and Norbert Schwarz, “How and why 1 year differs from 365 days: A conversational logic analysis of inferences from the granularity of quantitative expressions,’’ Journal of Consumer Research 39 (August 2012), pp. S212–S223.

  31. 31. Karel Kleisner et al., “Trustworthy-looking face meets brown eyes,’’ PLoS ONE 8, No. 1 (2013), e53285, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053285.

  32. 32. Reynol Junco, “Too much face and not enough books: The relationship between multiple indices of Facebook use and academic performance,’’ Computers in Human Behavior, 28, No. 1 (2012), pp. 187–198.

  33. 33. C. E. Cryfer et al., “Misery is not miserly: Sad and self-focused individuals spend more,’’ Psychological Science, 19 (2008), pp. 525–530.

  34. 34. Grant D. Brinkworth et al., “Long-term effects of a very low-carbohydrate diet and a low-fat diet on mood and cognitive function,’’ Archives of Internal Medicine, 169 (2009), pp. 1873–1880.

  35. 35. These reports can be found at www.qsrmagazine.com/reports.

  36. 36. Samara Joy Nielsen and Barry M. Popkin, “Patterns and trends in food portion sizes, 1977–1998,’’ Journal of the American Medical Association, 289 (2003), pp. 450–453.

  37. 37. Gordana Mrdjenovic and David A. Levitsky, “Nutritional and energetic consequences of sweetened drink consumption in 6- to 13-year-old children,’’ Journal of Pediatrics, 142 (2003), pp. 604–610.

  38. 38. David Han-Kuen Chu, “A test of corporate advertising using the elaboration likelihood model,’’ MS thesis, Purdue University, 1993.

  39. 39. M. F. Picciano and R. H. Deering, “The influence of feeding regimens on iron status during infancy,’’ American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 33 (1980), pp. 746–753.

  40. 40. Average starting salary taken from the spring 2015 salary survey by the National Association of Colleges and Employers.

  41. 41. The data were obtained on August 24, 2006, from an iPod owned by George McCabe, Jr.

  42. 42. The method is described in Xiao-Hua Zhou and Sujuan Gao,“Confidence intervals for the log-normal mean,’’ Statistics in Medicine, 16 (1997), pp. 783–790.

  43. 43. See the 2015 press release from the Student Monitor, at www.studentmonitor.com.

  44. 44. Data from Wayne Nelson, Applied Life Data Analysis, Wiley, 1982, p. 471.

  45. 45. This city’s restaurant inspection data can be found at www.jsonline.com/watchdog/dataondemand/.

  46. 46. Braz Camargo et al., “Interracial friendships in college,’’ Journal of Labor Economics, 28 (2010), pp. 861–892.

  47. 47. Based on Loren Cordain et al., “Influence of moderate daily wine consumption on body weight regulation and metabolism in healthy free-living males,’’ Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 16 (1997), pp. 134–139.

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  48. 48. B. Wansink et al., “Fine as North Dakota wine: Sensory expectations and the intake of companion foods,’’ Physiology & Behavior, 90 (2007), pp. 712–716.

  49. 49. Douglas J. Levey et al., “Urban mockingbirds quickly learn to identify individual humans,’’ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106 (2009), pp. 8959–8962.

  50. 50. Morgan K. Ward and Darren W. Dahl, “Should the devil sell Prada? Retail rejection increases aspiring consumers’ desire for the brand,’’ Journal of Consumer Research, 41, No. 3 (2014), pp. 590–609.

  51. 51. Anne Z. Hoch et al., “Prevalence of the female athlete triad in high school athletes and sedentary students,’’ Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine, 19 (2009), pp. 421–428.

  52. 52. This exercise is based on events that are real. The data and details have been altered to protect the privacy of the individuals involved.

  53. 53. Based loosely on D. R. Black et al., “Minimal interventions for weight control: A cost-effective alternative,’’ Addictive Behaviors, 9 (1984), pp. 279–285.

  54. 54. These data were provided by Professor Sebastian Heath, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University.