CHAPTER 8

  1. 1. The actual distribution of X based on an SRS from a finite population is the hypergeometric distribution. Details regarding this distribution can be found in Sheldon M. Ross, A First Course in Probability, 8th ed., Prentice Hall, 2010.

  2. 2. From pewinternet.org/2014/08/06/future-of-jobs.

  3. 3. Results of the survey are available at slideshare.net/duckofdoom/google-research-about-mobile-internet-in-2011.

  4. 4. Details of exact binomial procedures can be found in Myles Hollander and Douglas Wolfe, Nonparametric Statistical Methods, 2nd ed., Wiley, 1999.

  5. 5. See A. Agresti and B. A. Coull, “Approximate is better than ‘exact’ for interval estimation of binomial proportions,’’ American Statistician, 52 (1998), pp. 119–126. A detailed theoretical study is Lawrence D. Brown, Tony Cai, and Anirban DasGupta, “Confidence intervals for a binomial proportion and asymptotic expansions,’’ Annals of Statistics, 30 (2002), pp. 160–201.

  6. 6. See, for example, pilatesmethodalliance.org.

  7. 7. See pewinternet.org/Reports/2013/in-store-mobile-commerce.aspx.

  8. 8. Heather Tait, Aboriginal Peoples Survey, 2006: Inuit Health and Social Conditions, Social and Aboriginal Statistics Division, Statistics Canada, 2008. Available from statcan.gc.ca/pub.

  9. 9. See southerncross.co.nz/about-the-group/media-releases/2013.aspx.

  10. 10. See commonsensemedia.org/sites/default/files/full_cap-csm_report_results_1-7-13.pdf.

  11. 11. See “National Survey of Student Engagement, the College Student Report,’’ available online at nsse.iub.edu/index.cfm.

  12. 12. This survey and others that study issues related to college students can be found at nelliemae.com.

  13. 13. See Note 11.

  14. 14. Information about the survey can be found online at saint-denis.library.arizona.edu/natcong.

  15. 15. From pewinternet.org/2015/04/09/teens-social-media-technology-2015.

  16. 16. See Alan Agresti and Brian Caffo, “Simple and effective confidence intervals for proportions and differences of proportions result from adding two successes and two failures,’’ American Statistician, 45 (2000), pp. 280–288. The plus four interval is a bit conservative (true coverage probability is higher than the confidence level) when and are equal and close to 0 or 1, but the traditional interval is much less accurate and has the fatal flaw that the true coverage probability is less than the confidence level.

  17. 17. J. M. Tanner, “Physical growth and development,’’ in J. O. Forfar and G. C. Arneil, Textbook of Paediatrics, 3rd ed., Churchill Livingston, 1984, pp. 1–292.

  18. 18. Based on T. A. Brighton et al., “Low-dose aspirin for preventing recurrent venous thromboembolism,’’ New England Journal of Medicine, 367, No. 21 (2012), pp. 1979–1987. The analysis in the published manuscript used a slightly more complicated summary, called the hazard ratio, to compare the treatments.

  19. 19. Nicolas Gueguen and Celine Jacob, “Clothing color and tipping: Gentlemen patrons give more tips to waitresses with red clothes,’’ Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 38, No. 2 (2014), pp. 275–280.

  20. 20. Edward Bumfardner, “Loss of teeth as a disqualification for military service,’’ Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 18 (1903), pp. 217–219.

  21. 21. B. J. Bradley et al., “Historical perspective and current status of the physical education requirement at American 4-year colleges and universities,’’ Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 83, No. 4 (2012), pp. 503–512.

  22. 22. Erin K. O’Loughlin et al., “Prevalence and correlates of exergaming in youth,’’ Pediatrics, 130 (2012), pp. 806–814.

  23. 23. From a Pew Internet Project Data Memo by Amanda Lenhart et al., dated December 2008. Available at pewinternet.org.

  24. 24. The report, dated May 18, 2012, is available from pewinternet.org/Reports/2012/Future-of-Gamification/Overview.aspx.

  25. 25. From the Pew Research Center’s Project for Excellence in Journalism, The State of the News Media 2012, available from stateofthemedia.org/?src=prc-headline.

    N-10

  26. 26. See iom.edu.

  27. 27. Based on a study described in Corby C. Martin et al., “Children in school cafeterias select foods containing more saturated fat and energy than the Institute of Medicine recommendations, ‘’ Journal of Nutrition, 140 (2010), pp. 1653–1660.

  28. 28. From pewinternet.org/~/media//Files/Reports/2013/PIP_SocialMediaUsers.pdf.

  29. 29. From forbes.com/sites/ericsavitz/2013/01/11/totally-pwned-2012-u-s-video-game-retail-sales-tumble-22.

  30. 30. From the Entertainment Software Association website at theesa.com.

  31. 31. See Note 12.

  32. 32. See S. W. Lagakos, B. J. Wessen, and M. Zelen, “An analysis of contaminated well water and health effects in Woburn, Massachusetts,’’ Journal of the American Statistical Association, 81 (1986), pp. 583–596, and the following discussion. This case is the basis for the movie A Civil Action.

  33. 33. This case is discussed in D. H. Kaye and M. Aickin (eds.), Statistical Methods in Discrimination Litigation, Marcel Dekker, 1986; and D. C. Baldus and J. W. L. Cole, Statistical Proof of Discrimination, McGraw-Hill, 1980.