xBookUtils.terms['fn_26_1'] = "1 The idea for this issue brief emerged as a result of From Soldier to Student, a research series on campus readiness to support the increasing number of post-9/11 veterans enrolling in higher education. The research was started by the American Council on Education (ACE), Servicemembers Opportunity Colleges, the American Association of State Colleges and Universities, NASPA: Student Affairs Administrators in Higher Education, and the National Association of Veteran’s Programs Administrators, with the support of Lumina Foundation (Cook & Kim, 2009). From Soldier to Student II showed that campuses have increased programs and services specifically designed for post-9/11 veterans, in part propelled by the enactment of the Post-9/11 GI Bill in 2008 (McBain et al., 2012).";
xBookUtils.terms['fn_27_1'] = "1 Bruce Schneier, “The Eternal Value of Privacy,” Wired, May 18, 2006. https://www.schneier.com/essays/archives/2006/05/the_eternal_value_of.html.";
xBookUtils.terms['fn_27_2'] = "2 Geoffrey R. Stone, “Freedom and Public Responsibility,” Chicago Tribune, May 21, 2006.";
xBookUtils.terms['fn_27_3'] = "3 Jeffrey Rosen, The Naked Crowd: Reclaiming Security and Freedom in an Anxious Age (New York: Random House, 2004), 36.";
xBookUtils.terms['fn_27_4'] = "4 NonCryBaby to Security Focus, February 12, 2003, http://www.securityfocus.com/comments/articles/2296/18105#18105.";
xBookUtils.terms['fn_27_5'] = "5 Yoven, comment on http://www.danielpipes.org/comments/47675.";
xBookUtils.terms['fn_27_6'] = "6 “Look All You Want, I’ve Got Nothing to Hide!” Reach for the Stars! (blog), May 14, 2006, http://greatcarrieoakey.blogspot.com/2006/05/look-all-you-want-ive-got-nothing-to.html.";
xBookUtils.terms['fn_27_7'] = "7 Annegb, comment on Concurring Opinions, (blog) May 23, 2006, http://www.concurringopinions.com/archives/2006/05/is_there_a_good.html.";
xBookUtils.terms['fn_27_8'] = "8 Joe Schneider, letter to the editor, St. Paul Pioneer Press, August 24, 2006, 11B.";
xBookUtils.terms['fn_27_9'] = "9 Alix Spiegel, “Polls Suggest Americans Approve NSA Monitoring,” Day to Day, NPR, radio broadcast, May 19, 2006, http://www.wbur.org/npr/5418066/.";
xBookUtils.terms['fn_27_10'] = "10 Henry James, The Reverberator (1888; repr. New York: Library of America, 1989), 687.";
xBookUtils.terms['fn_27_11'] = "11 Daniel J. Solove, “Is There a Good Response to the ‘Nothing-to-Hide’ Argument?” Concurring Opinions (blog), May 23, 2006, http://www.concurringopinions.com/archives/2006/05/is_there_a_good.html";
xBookUtils.terms['fn_27_12'] = "12 Comments on Daniel J. Solove, “Is There a Good Response to the ‘Nothing-to-Hide’ Argument?” Concurring Opinions (blog), May 23, 2006, http://www.concurringopinions.com/archives/2006/05/is_there_a_good.html.";
xBookUtils.terms['fn_27_13'] = "13 Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Cancer Ward, trans. Nicholas Bethell and David Burg (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1991), 192.";
xBookUtils.terms['fn_27_14'] = "14 Friedrich Dürrenmatt, Traps, trans. Richard and Clara Winston (New York: Ballantine, 1960), 23.";
xBookUtils.terms['fn_27_15'] = "15 Andrew, comment on Daniel J. Solove, “Is There a Good Response to the ‘Nothing-to-Hide’ Argument?” Concurring Opinions (blog), October 16, 2006, http://www.concurringopinions.com/archives/2006/05/is_there_a_good.html.";
xBookUtils.terms['fn_27_16'] = "16 David H. Flaherty, “Visions of Privacy: Past, Present, and Future,” in Visions of Privacy: Policy Choices for the Digital Age, ed. Colin J. Bennett and Rebecca Grant (Toronto: University of Toronto, 1999), 31.";
xBookUtils.terms['fn_27_17'] = "17 John Dewey, Logic: The Theory of Inquiry (1938; repr. vol. 12 of The Later Works of John Dewey, Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1991), 112.";
xBookUtils.terms['fn_27_18'] = "18 I discuss the various privacy problems in more depth in my book Understanding Privacy, where I set forth a taxonomy to help identify the many different kinds of distinct yet related privacy problems. See Daniel J. Solove, Understanding Privacy (2008).";
xBookUtils.terms['fn_27_19'] = "19 See George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949).";
xBookUtils.terms['fn_27_20'] = "20 Franz Kafka, The Trial (1937; trans. Willa and Edwin Muir, New York: Schocken, 1956), 50–58.";
xBookUtils.terms['fn_27_21'] = "21 Daniel J. Solove, The Digital Person: Technology and Privacy in the Information Age (New York: New York University Press, 2004), 27–75.";
xBookUtils.terms['fn_27_22'] = "22 Schneier, Eternal Value.";
xBookUtils.terms['fn_27_23'] = "23 Ann Bartow, “A Feeling of Unease about Privacy Law,” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 155, (2006), http://scholars.unh.edu/law_facpub/120/.";
xBookUtils.terms['fn_27_24'] = "1 Because the United States and California agree that these cases involve searches incident to arrest, these cases do not implicate the question whether the collection or inspection of aggregated digital information amounts to a search under other circumstances.";
xBookUtils.terms['retort'] = "retort a sharp and often angry reply.";
xBookUtils.terms['foreordained'] = "foreordained decided in advance.";
xBookUtils.terms['Henry James'] = "Henry James (1843–1916) American novelist and critic who spent much of his adult life in Britain and ultimately became a British subject. He is a major figure among late-nineteenth-century literary realists, known for his exploration of human consciousness and perception through the characters of his novels.";
xBookUtils.terms['rumpus'] = "rumpus commotion, uproar.";
xBookUtils.terms['probe'] = "probe to examine something or someone with great care.";
xBookUtils.terms['torrent'] = "torrent literally, a powerful stream of fast-moving liquid, often water; here, used figuratively.";
xBookUtils.terms['warrant'] = "warrant in legal contexts, a document that authorizes its holder to carry out actions such as making an arrest, searching and perhaps seizing property, or ensuring that a judgment is carried out. In Toulmin argument (as discussed in Chapter 7), a warrant is the connection, often an unstated principle or assumed chain of reasoning, between a particular claim and the reason(s) that supports it — the glue that holds the claim and reason together.";
xBookUtils.terms['Joseph Stalin'] = "Joseph Stalin (1878–1953) dictator of the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death. Although his policies, which emphasized a state-controlled economy and collectivism, transformed the USSR from a rural society into an industrial power, he is also known for his brutality: millions of Soviets labeled “enemies of the state” were exiled, imprisoned, or executed at various periods during this era.";
xBookUtils.terms['Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn'] = "Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (1918–2008) Nobel Prize–winning novelist and historian known for his outspoken criticism of Soviet efforts to control the public and private lives of its citizens. His novel The Gulag Archipelago (published in the West in 1973 and in Russia in 1989) is based on his research into the history of the Soviet system of labor camps and the eight years he spent in a correctional labor camp after making a disparaging remark about Stalin in a letter to a friend.";
xBookUtils.terms['Friedrich Drrenmatt'] = "Friedrich Dürrenmatt (1921–1990) Swiss author and playwright who created works for the stage and radio (before television was widespread, radio plays were quite popular). His work, often controversial, explored philosophical themes popular in Europe after World War II.";
xBookUtils.terms['mock trial'] = "mock trial a trial that is for practice or fun rather than one that has legal consequences.";
xBookUtils.terms['sentient'] = "sentient conscious, capable of feeling and perceiving.";
xBookUtils.terms['John Dewey'] = "John Dewey (1859–1952) American philosopher, educational theorist and reformer, and psychologist.";
xBookUtils.terms['plurality'] = "plurality here, multitude.";
xBookUtils.terms['dossier'] = "dossier collection of documents or information, a file.";
xBookUtils.terms['George Orwell'] = "George Orwell (1903–1950) pen name of Eric Arthur Blair, an English writer known for his prose style, his allegiance to democratic socialism, and his efforts to fight what he perceived as social injustice. Orwell wrote novels, essays, and criticism and is also known for his journalistic writings. He coined several terms that are now part of the English language, including cold war, thought crime, thought police, Big Brother, and doublethink — all things he railed against. His name has also become part of the language: Orwellian refers, always pejoratively, to authoritarian or totalitarian states or practices.";
xBookUtils.terms['Franz Kafka'] = "Franz Kafka (1883–1924) writer born in Prague whose works were especially influential after his death. In fact, the word Kafkaesque now refers to situations like those described in Kafka’s writings, which are characterized by alienation, brutality, and inescapable bureaucracies. Though he claimed German, the language in which he wrote, as his native language, he also spoke Czech fluently. As nationalism increased among Czech- and German-speakers in Prague, the city of his birth, he, like the Jews of the city generally, was left to question where, and if, he belonged.";
xBookUtils.terms['myopically'] = "myopically literally and metaphorically, in a shortsighted manner.";
xBookUtils.terms['innocuous'] = "innocuous unimportant or not harmful.";
xBookUtils.terms['structural'] = "structural here, part of the structure of the social system, including government.";
xBookUtils.terms['reductive'] = "reductive here, overly simplistic.";
xBookUtils.terms['visceral'] = "visceral relating to feelings rather than reason.";
xBookUtils.terms['resonance'] = "resonance here, effect on people’s emotions.";
xBookUtils.terms['egregious'] = "egregious horrible, shocking.";
xBookUtils.terms['accretion'] = "accretion a gradual accumulation or increase.";
xBookUtils.terms['unpacked'] = "unpacked here, analyzed with care.";
xBookUtils.terms['ensnare'] = "ensnare catch in a trap.";
xBookUtils.terms['National Security Agency'] = "National Security Agency (NSA) intelligence agency of the U.S. government; as stated on its Web site, its role is “[to] collect (including through clandestine means), process, analyze, produce, and disseminate signals intelligence information and data for foreign intelligence and counterintelligence purposes . . . and [to] act as the National Manager for National Security Systems as established in law and policy. . . .” Signals intelligence refers to “communications systems, radars, and weapons systems” and thus includes electronic data.";
xBookUtils.terms['metadata'] = "metadata literally, data about data; here, the concern is descriptive metadata, or information about the creation of an electronic message like a particular email, text, or posting.";
xBookUtils.terms['Edward Snowden'] = "Edward Snowden (1983– ) computer professional who leaked classified information from the NSA, where he had been a contract employee; as this textbook goes to press, he is currently living in temporary exile in Russia. Snowden is the subject of the 2014 documentary Citizenfour. He is depicted in the image to the right.";
xBookUtils.terms['trillion'] = "trillion a million millions or 1,000,000,000,000.";
xBookUtils.terms['the Guardian'] = "the Guardian a center-left British newspaper. (Unlike in the United States, British newspapers are clearly identified with a political orientation and even a party.)";
xBookUtils.terms['geolocate'] = "geolocate to locate the street address (in contrast to the geographic coordinates) of an object such as a mobile phone or computer; try it at mapbox.com.";
xBookUtils.terms['homing pigeon'] = "homing pigeon also called carrier pigeon; a variety of pigeon that is able to fly back to its home even though it was released over a thousand miles away. Homing pigeons have been used to transport messages, including across enemy lines, during wartime.";
xBookUtils.terms['Cato Institute'] = "Cato Institute a Washington-based think tank whose mission is “to originate, disseminate, and increase understanding of public policies based on the principles of individual liberty, limited government, free markets, and peace.”";
xBookUtils.terms['polyphony'] = "polyphony music having more than one part in harmony.";
xBookUtils.terms['polychrony'] = "polychrony in computing, polychronous systems are those with “multiple clocks” that can accommodate the different rates of sampling images or sounds that movies and the television systems of the United States and Europe use as they sample the continuous image that is being recorded.";
xBookUtils.terms['oxymoron'] = "oxymoron a contradictory term, e.g., living dead, open secret, organized mess.";
xBookUtils.terms['23andMe'] = "23andMe a California-based biotechnology and personal genomics company that uses a test based on a person’s saliva sample to determine ancestry. From 2006 until 2013, it also used this test to provide customers with health-related results, but the U.S. Food and Drug Administration forced it to stop providing that information. In 2014, it began marketing both products in Canada.";
xBookUtils.terms['palette'] = "palette the board on which a painter mixes the colors she/he uses, or, by extension, the range of colors a painter uses. In computing, it’s the number of colors a given system can manage; here, used figuratively to mean the issues researchers might think worth investigating.";
xBookUtils.terms['relationality'] = "relationality how something relates to other things.";
xBookUtils.terms['mine'] = "mine (data) to analyze data from multiple perspectives.";
xBookUtils.terms['aggregate'] = "aggregate (data) to combine (presumably anonymous) data from individual records to form a larger data set that can be used for research purposes.";
xBookUtils.terms['salience'] = "salience the quality of being noticeable, of standing out from other similar things.";
xBookUtils.terms['salience'] = "salience the quality of being noticeable, of standing out from other similar things.";
xBookUtils.terms['algorithm'] = "algorithm a set of procedures to be followed in performing a calculation, solving a problem, or manipulating data, especially by a computer.";
xBookUtils.terms['architecture'] = "architecture with respect to computing, the structure of the system, both the hardware and the software.";
xBookUtils.terms['orthodoxy'] = "orthodoxy Greek for “correct belief”; a generally accepted belief or set of beliefs.";
xBookUtils.terms['cellular'] = "cellular here, at the level of the small unit, the individual.";
xBookUtils.terms['Latour'] = "Bruno Latour (1947– ) French philosopher and sociologist of science whose work often focuses on careful analysis of how scientists in fact do their work.";
xBookUtils.terms['cutting'] = "cutting form of self-harm often involving razor blades. It is generally not done with the intention to commit suicide, but it represents the cutter’s attempt to deal with extreme anger, frustration, or emotional pain.";
xBookUtils.terms['Institutional Review Boards'] = "Institutional Review Boards federally mandated committees at colleges, universities, and research institutes that approve and oversee all research involving human subjects. While their primary function is to protect the rights of those who participate as research subjects, these boards also work to protect the institution and the researchers involved from risk.";
xBookUtils.terms['informed consent'] = "informed consent here, the process for getting someone’s permission before he/she participates in a research study; with rare exception, informed consent requires that individuals understand the nature of the research they are participating in even if there may be sound reasons for not revealing all the details of the research. The point here is that, minimally, individuals must be aware that they are agreeing to be part of a research study and that data collected from them is being analyzed.";
xBookUtils.terms['algorithmic'] = "algorithmic relating to algorithms, sets of procedures to be followed in performing a calculation, solving a problem, or manipulating data, especially by a computer.";
xBookUtils.terms['actuary'] = "actuary someone who specializes in calculating the potential financial impact of risks and various kinds of uncertainties for purposes relating to insurance of all kinds, financial resource management, and the likely costs of social programs in the short and long terms.";
xBookUtils.terms['experiment that Facebook was conducting'] = "experiment that Facebook was conducting this experiment and the questions it raised were discussed by boyd and Crawford (paragraphs 9–10).";
xBookUtils.terms['null hypothesis'] = "null hypothesis the assumption that there is no statistically significant relationship between A and B; in other words, any apparent relationship is, in fact, due to chance and not real. Researchers in the social and natural sciences who analyze quantitative data always begin with the assumption of the null hypothesis and then attempt to disprove it by demonstrating that the relationship between A and B likely does exist because it is statistically significant, that is, it can be demonstrated that the findings did not occur by chance.";
xBookUtils.terms['random'] = "random it is not clear here whether Rudder is using this term in its everyday or its technical sense. In its everyday sense, random would mean something like “having no rhyme or reason” while in its technical sense, it would mean “governed by the laws of chance or probability so that any possible match would have an equal chance of being offered.”";
xBookUtils.terms['banal'] = "banal obvious or not very interesting.";
xBookUtils.terms['warrant'] = "warrant warrant: in legal contexts, a document that authorizes its holder to carry out actions such as making an arrest, searching and perhaps seizing property, or ensuring that a judgment is carried out. In Toulmin argument (as discussed in Chapter 7), a warrant is the connection, often an unstated principle or assumed chain of reasoning, between a particular claim and the reason(s) supporting it — in short, the glue that holds the claim and reason together.";
xBookUtils.terms['admissible'] = "admissible able to be heard in court, thus becoming part of the facts of the trial.";
xBookUtils.terms['Fourth Amendment'] = "Fourth Amendment the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution protects anyone in the country from “unreasonable searches and seizures.”";
xBookUtils.terms['writ of certiorari'] = "writ of certiorari decision of the Supreme Court to hear an appeal about a case decided by a lower appeals court.";
xBookUtils.terms['moniker'] = "moniker nickname.";
xBookUtils.terms['Bloods and Crips'] = "Bloods and Crips two rival gangs that often engage in violent criminal action, including exterminating one another’s members.";
xBookUtils.terms['aggravating factor'] = "aggravating factor something that could increase the seriousness of a criminal act; here, the fact that the crime was claimed to be gang-related.";
xBookUtils.terms['enhanced sentence'] = "enhanced sentence a longer sentence or a more onerous sentence (e.g., a higher fine) resulting from the presence of one or more aggravating factors.";
xBookUtils.terms['suppress all evidence'] = "suppress all evidence prevent evidence from being introduced in court and becoming part of the facts of the case.";
xBookUtils.terms['exigent circumstances'] = "exigent circumstances urgent situations that permit a law officer legally to search a building or part of a building without a warrant.";
xBookUtils.terms['probable cause'] = "probable cause reasonable legal grounds.";
xBookUtils.terms['touchstone'] = "touchstone figuratively, the standard or most commonly used criterion by which something is evaluated.";
xBookUtils.terms['ferret out'] = "ferret out to discover though a process of thorough or crafty research much as a trained ferret hunts.";
xBookUtils.terms['dictum'] = "dictum (plural dicta) expression of judicial opinion in a court case that is not considered part of the ruling (that is, the holding) so it does not have the legal status that the ruling does.";
xBookUtils.terms['English and American law'] = "English and American law much of American law is based on English common law; the U.S. and English legal systems differ in fundamental ways from the legal systems of Continental Europe.";
xBookUtils.terms['misnomer'] = "misnomer an inaccurate name or characterization.";
xBookUtils.terms['incident to arrest'] = "incident to arrest occurring at the same time as the arrest.";
xBookUtils.terms['pursuant to a warrant'] = "pursuant to a warrant based on a warrant or once a warrant has been obtained.";
xBookUtils.terms['scope'] = "scope range of applicability.";
xBookUtils.terms['checkered'] = "checkered figuratively, characterized by both failures and successes, as a checkerboard has squares of two colors.";
xBookUtils.terms['abrogate'] = "abrogate overturn or repeal.";
xBookUtils.terms['proverbial'] = "proverbial here, a frequently used example of.";
xBookUtils.terms['absent'] = "absent without.";
xBookUtils.terms['custodial arrest'] = "custodial arrest one in which the defendant is immediately arrested (in contrast to, e.g., being given a citation and told to appear in court at some later date).";
xBookUtils.terms['hold'] = "hold issue a legal decision, that is, the court decides that given these facts in light of existing laws, here is the result. Holdings, which have the status of law, contrast with dicta, defined above.";
xBookUtils.terms['effectuate'] = "effectuate cause to happen.";
xBookUtils.terms['materially indistinguishable'] = "materially indistinguishable the same for the purposes at hand.";
xBookUtils.terms['rest on its own bottom'] = "rest on its own bottom that is, stand on its own without assistance.";
xBookUtils.terms['Amici Curiae'] = "Amici Curiae (plural of Amicus Curiae) Latin for “friend of the court”; here, documents and testimony provided by parties not involved in the legal case at hand that examine the possible legal effects of a ruling that would go beyond the case being considered. Courts have the discretion to consider or ignore such documents and testimony.";
xBookUtils.terms['cache'] = "cache here, collection.";
xBookUtils.terms['per curiam'] = "per curiam Latin for “by a court”; the unsigned decision of a single judge or the unanimous decision of a court consisting of several judges hearing a case on appeal (in contrast to an opinion whose author is identified).";
xBookUtils.terms['mundane'] = "mundane boring or dull.";
xBookUtils.terms['lexicon'] = "lexicon here, vocabulary.";
xBookUtils.terms['Learned Hand'] = "Billings Learned Hand (1872–1961) U.S. judge and philosopher of law; his writings have been quoted more often in Supreme Court rulings than have the writings of all other judges serving in lower courts.";
xBookUtils.terms['supra'] = "supra cited above.";
xBookUtils.terms['general warrant'] = "general warrant a type of warrant issued by the British government during the American colonial period that permitted an officer of the law to search unspecified people or places in hope of finding some unspecified object — in other words, an open-ended search warrant. The Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution rendered such warrants illegal.";
xBookUtils.terms['writs of assistance'] = "writ of assistance a court-issued document instructing an officer of the law to carry out some task.";
xBookUtils.terms['James Otis'] = "James Otis (1725–1783) colonial patriot who coined the motto “Taxation without representation is tyranny.” A lawyer, legislator, pamphleteer, and political activist who originally saw himself as a loyal subject of the British government, Otis nevertheless argued against the use of writs of assistance, a move that helped give rise to the American Revolution.";
xBookUtils.terms['John Adams'] = "John Adams (1735–1826) first vice president of the United States and second president of the country; one of the founding fathers. He helped draft the Declaration of Independence and negotiate the treaty with Britain that ended the American Revolution.";
xBookUtils.terms['remand'] = "remand return a case to a lower court requiring that its decision be reconsidered in light of the current ruling.";
xBookUtils.terms['anomalies'] = "anomalies irregularities, inconsistencies.";
xBookUtils.terms['nuanced'] = "nuanced subtle, making finer or more careful distinctions.";
xBookUtils.terms['Smith v. Maryland'] = "Smith v. Maryland the legal case Smith v. Maryland. In court cases, the plaintiff, or complaining party who has filed the lawsuit, is named first while the defendant, or party being sued, is named second. Here, Smith was suing the State of Maryland. Often, in writing and conversation, the case will be referred to simply as Smith.";
xBookUtils.terms['National Security Agency'] = "NSA (National Security Agency) intelligence agency of the U.S. government; as stated on its Web site, its role is “[to] collect (including through clandestine means), process, analyze, produce, and disseminate signals intelligence information and data for foreign intelligence and counterintelligence purposes . . . and [to] act as the National Manager for National Security Systems as established in law and policy. . . .” Signals intelligence refers to “communications systems, radars, and weapons systems” and thus includes electronic data.";
xBookUtils.terms['trawl'] = "trawl to fish in a boat equipped with a wide-mouth net that makes catching large numbers of fish easy and quick; used here figuratively.";
xBookUtils.terms['Edward Snowden'] = "Edward Snowden (1983– ) computer professional who leaked classified information from the NSA, where he had been a contract employee; as this textbook goes to press, he is currently living in temporary exile in Russia. Snowden is the subject of the 2014 documentary Citizenfour.";
xBookUtils.terms['jurisprudence'] = "jurisprudence theory of law and methods of legal reasoning.";
xBookUtils.terms['morphed'] = "morph to change shape or nature.";
xBookUtils.terms['sleights of hand'] = "sleights of hand a technique used by magicians to manipulate cards, coins, or other objects in such a way as to fool viewers.";
xBookUtils.terms['stage help'] = "stage help in live theater, the people who assist backstage and whose important work is invisible to the audience; here, used figuratively.";
xBookUtils.terms['Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court'] = "Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court U.S. federal court that authorizes requests from various federal law enforcement agencies for surveillance warrants to track suspected foreign intelligence agents inside the country.";
xBookUtils.terms['bonanza'] = "bonanza a large amount of something desired; a source of unanticipated profit, good luck, etc.";
xBookUtils.terms['to rest on its own bottom'] = "to rest on its own bottom that is, to stand on its own without assistance.";
xBookUtils.terms['metadata'] = "metadata literally, data about data. Here, the concern is descriptive metadata, or information about the creation of an electronic message like a particular email, text, or posting.";
xBookUtils.terms['Crips and Bloods'] = "Crips and Bloods two rival gangs that often engage in violent criminal action, including exterminating one another’s members.";
xBookUtils.terms['id.'] = "id. Latin for “the same”; in legal documentation and certain other documentation systems, idem is used to refer back to the immediately prior source, for which complete publication information has been given.";
xBookUtils.terms['confederates'] = "confederate accomplice.";
xBookUtils.terms['geofencing traps'] = "geofencing traps in this case, software settings that would wipe the phone clean if it were taken into a specific area or to a specific locale.";
xBookUtils.terms['Faraday bag'] = "Faraday bag a container that blocks all external electrical fields, hence, protecting contents that are electronic from being altered or damaged from exposure to any sort of electromagnetic waves.";
xBookUtils.terms['pen register'] = "pen register a mechanical device that records all the telephone numbers dialed from a particular landline.";
xBookUtils.terms['materially indistinguishable'] = "materially indistinguishable the same for the purposes at hand.";