var MathJaxMap = {}; //MathJaxMap['math_1'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_601'] = ''; MathJaxMap['math_2'] = ''; for (var key in MathJaxMap) { if (MathJaxMap.hasOwnProperty(key)) { $('[data-math=' + key + ']').html(MathJaxMap[key]); } } $.ajaxSetup({ cache: true }); //configure the mathjax engine window.MathJax = { "HTML-CSS": { mtextFontInherit: true, scale: 98, minScaleAdjust: 100, noReflows:false }, MathML: { useMathMLspacing: false }, menuSettings: { zoom: "Click" }, MathMenu: { showFontMenu: true } }; //$.getScript( "https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"); //$.getScript("https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.1/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"); $.getScript( "http://prod-cdn-packages.macmillan.cloud/media/MathJax/MathJax.js?config=TeX-MML-AM_CHTML"); xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch03-ques-01'] = "
3.1 This is anecdotal evidence; the preference of a friend likely would not generalize to the entire college.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch03-ques-03'] = "3.3 This is anecdotal evidence; the opinion of the three students does would not generalize to all students, especially if the students were picked by the newspaper because of their strong opinions in the first place.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch03-ques-05'] = "3.5 In order to evaluate the claim, we would need data for a sample of the Millennial generation, including their brand preferences and measures of loyalties toward these brands.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch03-ques-07'] = "3.7 Yes to both.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch03-ques-09'] = "3.9 This is an observational study. All the soap dispensers were run until their batteries died; there were no treatments.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch03-ques-11'] = "3.11 This is an experiment. Explanatory variable: apple form (juice or whole fruit); response variable: how full the subject felt.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch03-ques-13'] = "3.13 The data used was likely observational data from a sample survey. Most likely, a random sample of cans of tuna was measured and compared with the amount printed on the labels.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch03-ques-15'] = "3.15 (a) This is a sample survey if it is supposed to represent only those who did not get tickets; otherwise, it is anecdotal evidence and certainly doesn’t apply to all of those who tried to get tickets to the concert. (b) This represents a sample survey of all those that tried to get tickets to the concert. (c) This also represents a sample survey of all those who tried to get tickets to the concert. It differs from part (b) because only a sample of students were selected to participate rather than allowing participants to be self-selected. (d) It is not an experiment, there is no treatment. (e) The method used in part (a) is not very useful, especially if it was determined they were upset before being interviewed. The method in part (b) also can be problematic because those who choose to respond may have strong opinions, especially negative ones. The method in part (c) is likely the best of the three in order to get an accurate representation of students’ opinion on how the tickets were allocated.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch03-ques-17'] = "3.17 (a) This is an experiment because the girls were assigned a controlled diet during the study period. The experimental units/subjects are the girls, the treatments are the two controlled diets (low and high calcium), the response is the amount of calcium retained. The factor in this instance is the same as the treatment, the diet assigned, and it has two levels—low and high calcium.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch03-ques-19'] = "3.19 (a) This study is biased because no control group was used. Therefore, the placebo effect may be present. (b) To remove the bias, two treatment groups should be used, one with the aspirin and a control group that receives a placebo.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch03-ques-25'] = "3.25 (a) Experimental units were the 30 students. They are human, so we can use “subjects.” (b) We have only one “treatment,” so the experiment is not comparative.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch03-ques-27'] = "3.27 (a) Experimental units: people who go to the website. Treatments: description of comfort or showing discounted price. Response variable: shoe sales. (b) Comparative, because we have two treatments. (c) One option to improve: randomly assign morning and afternoon treatments. (d) Yes, a placebo (no special description or price) could give a “baseline” sales figure.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch03-ques-29'] = "3.29 No, a matched pairs design would require that the two measurements are taken on the same subject—in this case, the person who visits the website—which would be impossible in this case.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch03-ques-31'] = "3.31 (a) Shopping patterns may differ on Friday and Saturday. (b) Responses may vary in different states. (c) A control is needed for comparison.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch03-ques-33'] = "3.33 For example, new employees should be randomly assigned to either the current program or the new one. One possible outcome would be whether the new employee is still with the company six months later.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch03-ques-35'] = "3.35 (a) The factors are calcium dose and vitamin D dose. There are nine treatments. (d) Yes, there is a placebo. The group that gets 0 mg of both calcium and vitamin D serves as the placebo group.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch03-ques-39'] = "3.39 Design (a) is an experiment. Because the treatment is randomly assigned, the effect of other habits would be “diluted” because they would be more-or-less equally split between the two groups. Therefore, any difference in colon health between the two groups could be attributed to the treatment.
Design (b) is an observational study. It is flawed because the women observed choose whether or not to take bee pollen; one might reasonably expect that people who choose to take bee pollen have other dietary or health habits that would differ from those who do not.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch03-ques-45'] = "3.45 (a) The sample is the 772 forest owners that the survey was sent to. (b) The population is all forest owners from this region. (c) The response rate is the percentage of those who were sent the survey who returned it: 45%.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch03-ques-47'] = "3.47 The next three labels selected are 114, 080, 094. These correspond to Malta, Iraq, and Kosovo.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch03-ques-51'] = "3.51 (a) The population is all 5674 season ticket holders. (b) The sample is the 150 fans who were sent the survey. (c) The response rate is 65.33%. (d) The nonresponse rate is 34.67%.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch03-ques-55'] = "3.55 (a) If the entire population is found in our sample, we have a census rather than a sample. (b) “Dihydrogen monoxide” is H2O (water). Any concern about the dangers posed by water most likely means that the respondent did not know what dihydrogen monoxide was and was too embarrassed to admit it. (c) Honest answers to such questions are difficult to obtain, even in an anonymous survey; in a public setting like this, it would be surprising if there were any raised hands.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch03-ques-57'] = "3.57 The population is local businesses. The sample is the 80 businesses selected. The nonresponse rate is 42.5%.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch03-ques-59'] = "3.59 Using line 136, and labels 01 − 33 we select: 08, 14, 20, 09, 24, 12, 11, and 16. Complexes chosen may vary depending on labels; alphabetically, we would choose: Burberry, Crestview, Georgetown, Cambridge, Nobb Hill, Country View, Country Square, and Fairington.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch03-ques-63'] = "3.63 Each student has a 20% chance: five out of 25 over-21 students, and three of 15 under-21 students. This is not an SRS because not every group of eight students can be chosen; the only possible samples are those with five older and three younger students.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch03-ques-65'] = "3.65 The sample is random because the starting point is randomly selected (so every individual has an equal chance to be selected before the process begins). Once the random starting point has been selected, the rest of the sample is determined. There is no possibility of selecting students 04 and 05, which could happen in a simple random sample.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch03-ques-69'] = "3.69 (a) This design would omit households without telephones or with unlisted numbers. Such households would likely be made up of poor individuals (who cannot afford a phone), those who choose not to have phones (perhaps because they use a cell phone exclusively), and those who do not wish to have their phone numbers published. (b) Those with unlisted numbers would be included in the sampling frame when a random-digit dialer is used.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch03-ques-71'] = "3.71 These three proposals are clearly in increasing order of risk. Most students will likely consider that (a) qualifies as minimal risk, and most will agree that (c) goes beyond minimal risk.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch03-ques-73'] = "3.73 It is good to plainly state the purpose of the research (“To study how people’s religious beliefs and their feelings about authority are related”). Stating the research thesis (that orthodox religious beliefs are associated with authoritarian personalities) would cause bias.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch03-ques-81'] = "3.81 To control for changes in the mass spectrometer over time, we should alternate between control and cancer samples.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch03-ques-83'] = "3.83 They cannot be anonymous because the interviews are conducted in person in the subject’s home. They are certainly kept confidential.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch03-ques-87'] = "3.87 (b) The subjects should be told what kind of questions will be asked and how long it will take. (d) Revealing the sponsor could bias the poll, especially if the respondent doesn’t like or agree with the sponsor. However, the sponsor should be announced once the results are made public; that way, people can know the motivation for the study and judge whether it was done appropriately, etc.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch03-ques-93'] = "3.93 (a) You need information about a random selection of his games, not just the ones he chooses to talk about. (b) These students may have chosen to sit in the front; all students should be randomly assigned to their seats.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch03-ques-95'] = "3.95 This is an experiment because each subject is (randomly) assigned to a treatment. The explanatory variable is the price history seen by the subject (steady prices or fluctuating prices), and the response variable is the price the subject expects to pay.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch03-ques-99'] = "3.99 The two factors are gear (three levels) and steepness of the course (number of levels not specified). Assuming there are at least three steepness levels—which seems like the smallest reasonable choice—that means at least nine treatments. Randomization should be used to determine the order in which the treatments are applied. Note that we must allow ample recovery time between trials, and it would be best to have the rider try each treatment several times.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch03-ques-103'] = "3.103 Use a block design: separate men and women, and randomly allocate each sex among the six treatments.
"; xBookUtils.showAnswers['ips9e-ch03-ques-105'] = "3.105 The latter method (CASI) will show a higher percentage of drug use because respondents will generally be more comfortable (and more assured of anonymity) about revealing illegal or embarrassing behavior to a computer than to a person, so they will be more likely to be honest.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch3_fn1'] = "1. See the news release of June 24, 2015, concerning the 2014 results for the American Time Use Survey, Table 11, at bls.gov/news.release/pdf/atus.pdf.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch3_fn2'] = "2. See norc.uchicago.edu.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch3_fn3'] = "3. Stewart Warden et al., “Throwing induces substantial torsional adaption within the midshaft humerus of male baseball players,’’ Bone, 45 (2009), pp. 931–941. The data were provided by Stewart Warden, Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Indiana University.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch3_fn4'] = "4. Corby C. Martin et al., “Children in school cafeterias select foods containing more saturated fat and energy than the Institute of Medicine recommendations, ’’ Journal of Nutrition, 140 (2010), pp. 1653–1660.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch3_fn5'] = "5. Based on “Look, no hands: Automatic soap dispensers,’’ Consumer Reports, February 2013, p. 11.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch3_fn6'] = "6. From “Did you know,’’ Consumer Reports, February 2013, p. 10.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch3_fn7'] = "7. Bruce Barrett et al., “Echinacea for treating the common cold,’’ Annals of Internal Medicine, 153 (2010), pp. 769–777.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch3_fn8'] = "8. For a full description of the STAR program and its follow-up studies, go to en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class-size_reduction.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch3_fn9'] = "9. See Note 6.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch3_fn10'] = "10. Based on Gerardo Ramirez and Sian L. Beilock, “Writing about testing worries boosts exam performance in the classroom,’’ Science, 331 (2011), p. 2011. Although we describe the experiment as not including a control group, the researchers who conducted this study did, in fact, use one.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch3_fn11'] = "11. A general discussion of failures of blinding is Dean Ferguson et al., “Turning a blind eye: The success of blinding reported in a random sample of randomised, placebo controlled trials,’’ British Medical Journal, 328 (2004), p. 432.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch3_fn12'] = "12. Based on a study conducted by Sandra Simonis under the direction of Professor Jon Harbor from the Purdue University Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch3_fn13'] = "13. Based on a study conducted by Tammy Younts directed by Professor Deb Bennett of the Purdue University Department of Educational Studies. For more information about Reading Recovery, see readingrecovery.org/.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch3_fn14'] = "14. Based on a study conducted by Rajendra Chaini under the direction of Professor Bill Hoover of the Purdue University Department of Forestry and Natural Resources.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch3_fn15'] = "15. From the Hot Rock Songs list at billboard.com for the week of September 5, 2015.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch3_fn16'] = "16. From the Hot 100 list at billboard.com for the week of September 5, 2015.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch3_fn17'] = "17. From the online version of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Handbook of Methods, modified April 17, 2003, at bls.gov. The details of the design are more complicated than we describe.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch3_fn18'] = "18. For more detail on the material of this section and complete references, see P. E. Converse and M. W. Traugott, “Assessing the accuracy of polls and surveys,’’ Science, 234 (1986), pp. 1094–1098.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch3_fn19'] = "19. From www.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/technical-documentation/methodology/non-response-rates.html on January 29, 2013.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch3_fn20'] = "20. From www3.norc.org/GSS+Website/FAQs/ on January 29, 2013.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch3_fn21'] = "21. See pewresearch.org/about.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch3_fn22'] = "22. See “Assessing the representativeness of public opinion surveys,’’ May 15, 2012, from people-press.org/2012/05/15.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch3_fn23'] = "23. Sex: Tom W. Smith, “The JAMA controversy and the meaning of sex,’’ Public Opinion Quarterly, 63 (1999), pp. 385–400. Welfare: From a New York Times/CBS News Poll reported in the New York Times, July 5, 1992. Scotland: “All set for independence?’’ Economist, September 12, 1998. Many other examples appear in T. W. Smith, “That which we call welfare by any other name would smell sweeter,’’ Public Opinion Quarterly, 51 (1987), pp. 75–83.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch3_fn24'] = "24. John C. Bailar III, “The real threats to the integrity of science,’’ Chronicle of Higher Education, April 21, 1995, pp. B1–B2.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch3_fn25'] = "25. The difficulties of interpreting guidelines for informed consent and for the work of institutional review boards in medical research are a main theme of Beverly Woodward, “Challenges to human subject protections in U.S. medical research,’’ Journal of the American Medical Association, 282 (1999), pp. 1947–1952. The references in this paper point to other discussions.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch3_fn26'] = "26. Quotation from the Report of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study Legacy Committee, May 20, 1996. A detailed history is James H. Jones, Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment, Free Press, 1993.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch3_fn27'] = "27. Dr. Hennekens’s words are from an interview in the Annenberg/Corporation for Public Broadcasting video series Against All Odds: Inside Statistics.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch3_fn28'] = "28. See ftc.gov/opa/2009/04/kellogg.shtm.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch3_fn29'] = "29. On February 12, 2012, the CBS show 60 Minutes reported the latest news on this study, which was published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology in 2007. See cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=7398476n.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch3_fn30'] = "30. R. D. Middlemist, E. S. Knowles, and C. F. Matter, “Personal space invasions in the lavatory: Suggestive evidence for arousal,’’ Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33 (1976), pp. 541–546.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch3_fn31'] = "31. From Randi Zlotnik Shaul et al., “Legal liabilities in research: Early lessons from North America,’’ BMJ Medical Ethics, 6, No. 4 (2005), pp. 1–4.
"; xBookUtils.terms['fn_ch3_fn32'] = "32. The report was issued in February 2009 and is available from www.ftc.gov/