//this makes the chapter number appear only on the intro page
var h2_text = $("[data-block_type='intro'] h2").text();
var new_header ="
8
" + h2_text + "
";
$("[data-block_type='intro'] h2").replaceWith(new_header);
//footnotes and glossary arrays
var footnote_id= new Array();
footnote_id ['8_1'] = "1. See Horace Newcomb, TV: The Most Popular Art (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books, 1974), 31, 39.";
footnote_id ['8_2'] = "2. See “Just the Facts: Consumer Choice Explodes, 1992–2012,” National Cable & Telecommunications Association, http://www.ncta.com/statistic/statistic/Consumer-Choice-Explodes.aspx.";
footnote_id ['8_3'] = "3. United States v. Midwest Video Corp., 440 U.S. 689 (1979).";
var glossary_term= new Array();
glossary_term ['analog'] = "analog recording: a recording that is made by capturing the fluctuations of the original sound waves and storing those signals on record grooves or magnetic tape—analogous to the actual sound.";
glossary_term ['cathoderaytube'] = "cathode-ray tube: a key component of early television and computer screens that allowed the display of images.";
glossary_term ['primetime'] = "prime time: in television programming, the hours between 7 and 11 p.m. (or 7 and 10 p.m. in the Midwest), when networks have traditionally drawn their largest audiences and charged their highest advertising rates.";
glossary_term ['catv'] = "CATV (community antenna television): early cable systems that originated where mountains or tall buildings blocked TV signals; because of early technical and regulatory limits, CATV contained only twelve channels.";
glossary_term ['kinescopes'] = "kinetoscope: an early film projection system that served as a kind of peep show in which viewers looked through a hole and saw images moving on a tiny plate.";
glossary_term ['sketchcomedy'] = "sketch comedy: short television comedy skits that are usually segments of TV variety shows; sometimes known as vaudeo, the marriage of vaudeville and video.";
glossary_term ['affiliatestations'] = "affiliate stations: radio or TV stations that, though independently owned, sign a contract to be part of a network and receive money to carry the network’s programs; in exchange, the network reserves time slots, which it sells to national advertisers.";
glossary_term ['situationcomedysitcom'] = "situation comedy (sitcom): a type of comedy series that features a recurring cast and set as well as several narrative scenes; each episode establishes a situation, complicates it, develops increasing confusion among its characters, and then resolves the complications.";
glossary_term ['anthologydramas'] = "anthology drama: a popular form of early TV programming that brought live dramatic theater to television; influenced by stage plays, anthologies offered new teleplays, casts, directors, writers, and sets from week to week.";
glossary_term ['episodicseries'] = "episodic series: a narrative form well suited to television because main characters appear every week, sets and locales remain the same, and technical crews stay with the program; episodic series feature new adventures each week, but a handful of characters emerge with whom viewers can regularly identify (see also chapter shows and serial programs).";
glossary_term ['chaptershows'] = "chapter shows in television production, situation comedies or dramatic programs whose narrative structure includes self-contained stories that feature a problem, a series of conflicts, and a resolution from week to week (for contrast, see serial programs and episodic series).";
glossary_term ['serialprograms'] = "serial programs radio or TV programs, such as soap operas, that feature continuing story lines from day to day or week to week (see chapter shows).";
glossary_term ['tvnewsmagazines'] = "TV newsmagazine: a TV news program format, pioneered by CBS’s 60 Minutes in the late 1960s, that features multiple segments in an hour-long episode, usually ranging from a celebrity or political feature story to a hard-hitting investigative report.";
glossary_term ['narrowcasting'] = "narrowcasting: any specialized electronic programming or media channel aimed at a target audience.";
glossary_term ['basiccable'] = "basic cable: in cable programming, a tier of channels composed of local broadcast signals, nonbroadcast access channels (for local government, education, and general public use), a few regional PBS stations, and a variety of popular channels downlinked from communication satellites.";
glossary_term ['superstations'] = "superstations: local independent TV stations, such as WTBS in Atlanta or WGN in Chicago, that have uplinked their signals onto a communication satellite to make themselves available nationwide.";
glossary_term ['premiumchannels'] = "premium channels: in cable programming, a tier of channels that subscribers can order at an additional monthly fee over their basic cable service; these may include movie channels and interactive services.";
glossary_term ['payperviewppv'] = "pay-per-view (PPV): a cable-television service that allows customers to select a particular movie for a fee, or to pay $25 to $40 for a special one-time event.";
glossary_term ['videoondemandvod'] = "video-on-demand (VOD): cable television technology that enables viewers to instantly order programming, such as movies, to be digitally delivered to their sets.";
glossary_term ['networkera'] = "network era: the period in television history, roughly from the mid-1950s to the late 1970s, that refers to the dominance of the Big Three networks—ABC, CBS, and NBC—over programming and prime-time viewing habits; the era began eroding with a decline in viewing and with the development of VCRs, cable, and new TV networks.";
glossary_term ['infotainment'] = "infotainment: a type of television program that packages human-interest and celebrity stories in TV news style.";
glossary_term ['finsyn'] = "fin-syn (Financial Interest and Syndication Rules): FCC rules that prohibited the major networks from running their own syndication companies or from charging production companies additional fees after shows had completed their prime-time runs; most fin-syn rules were rescinded in the mid-1990s.";
glossary_term ['mustcarryrules'] = "must-carry rules: rules established by the FCC requiring all cable operators to assign channels to and carry all local TV broadcasts on their systems, thereby ensuring that local network affiliates, independent stations (those not carrying network programs), and public television channels would benefit from cable’s clearer reception.";
glossary_term ['accesschannels'] = "access channels: in cable television, a tier of nonbroadcast channels dedicated to local education, government, and the public.";
glossary_term ['electronicpublishers'] = "electronic publisher: a communication business, such as a broadcaster or a cable TV company, that is entitled to choose what channels or content to carry.";
glossary_term ['commoncarriers'] = "common carrier: a communication or transportation business, such as a phone company or a taxi service, that is required by law to offer service on a first-come, first-served basis to whoever can pay the rate; such companies do not get involved in content.";
glossary_term ['leasedchannels'] = "leased channels: in cable television, channels that allow citizens to buy time for producing programs or presenting their own viewpoints.";
glossary_term ['telecommunicationsactof1996'] = "Telecommunications Act of 1996: the sweeping update of telecommunications law that led to a wave of media consolidation.";
glossary_term ['videocassetterecordersvcrs'] = "videocassette recorders (VCRs): recorders that use a half-inch video format known as VHS (video home system), which enables viewers to record and play back programs from television or to watch movies rented from video stores.";
glossary_term ['highdefinition'] = "high-definition: the digital standard for U.S. television sets that has more than twice the resolution of the system that served as the standard from the 1940s through the 1990s.";
glossary_term ['dvrsdigitalvideorecorders'] = "digital video recorder (DVR): a device that enables users to find and record specific television shows (and movies) and store them in a computer memory to be played back at a later time or recorded onto a DVD.";
glossary_term ['directbroadcastsatellitedbs'] = "direct broadcast satellites (DBS): satellite-based services that for a monthly fee downlink hundreds of satellite channels and services; they began distributing video programming directly to households in 1994.";
glossary_term ['wimax'] = "WiMax: a communication technology that provides data over long distances in multiple ways, from traditional cell phone connections to services that link mobile phones to traditional mass media.";
glossary_term ['syndication'] = "syndication: leasing TV stations the exclusive right to air older TV series.";
glossary_term ['barter'] = "barter: in TV, giving a program to a local station in exchange for a split in the advertising revenue.";
glossary_term ['evergreens'] = "evergreens: in TV syndication, popular, lucrative, and enduring network reruns, such as the Andy Griffith Show or I Love Lucy.";
glossary_term ['fringetime'] = "fringe time: in broadcast television, the time slot either immediately before the evening’s prime-time schedule (called early fringe) or immediately following the local evening news or the network’s late-night talk shows (called late fringe).";
glossary_term ['offnetworksyndication'] = "off-network syndication: in television, the process whereby older programs that no longer run during prime time are made available for reruns to local stations, cable operators, online services, and foreign markets.";
glossary_term ['firstrunsyndication'] = "first-run syndication: in television, the process whereby new programs are specifically produced for sale in syndication markets rather than for network television.";
glossary_term ['rating'] = "rating: in TV audience measurement, a statistical estimate expressed as a percentage of households tuned to a program in the local or national market being sampled.";
glossary_term ['share'] = "share: in TV audience measurement, a statistical estimate of the percentage of homes tuned to a certain program, compared with those simply using their sets at the time of a sample.";
glossary_term ['deficitfinancing'] = "deficit financing: in television, the process whereby a TV production company leases its programs to a network for a license fee that is actually less than the cost of production; the company hopes to recoup this loss later in rerun syndication.";
glossary_term ['multiplesystemoperatorsmsos'] = "multiple-system operators (MSOs): large corporations that own numerous cable television systems.";
glossary_term ['oligopoly'] = "oligopoly: in media economics, an organizational structure in which a few firms control most of an industry’s production and distribution resources.";