Chapter 1. Determining Key Study Elements

Introduction

Chapter 2

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You must read each slide, and complete any questions on the slide, in sequence.

Independent Variable

The variable that influences the dependent variable.

Dependent Variable

The variable measured in association with changes in the independent variable.

Hypothesis

An educated prediction that provides a testable explanation of a phenomenon.

Conceptual Definition

Defining a variable in theoretical terms.

Operational Definition

Determining how we will use variables in our study.

Constant

A factor that does not change and remains consistent.

The Research Process

In this activity, you will be asked to determine key study elements such as designs, variables, and hypotheses in four research scenarios.

Dr. Natalie J. Ciarocco, Monmouth University

Dr. David B. Strohmetz, University of West Florida

Dr. Gary W. Lewandowski, Jr., Monmouth University

Something to Think About…

Once we settle on a good empirical research question, we must determine how to incorporate all of the key ideas into our research design. Ultimately, these decisions are up to you. You will determine what type of design best addresses your research question and how to operationalize the variables in your study. This can be tricky when your task is to study what people think, feel, and do. You might just have to be creative!

Something to Think About…

Take a moment to review the different types of research designs, variables, and hypotheses presented in your textbook. Can you identify these elements in various study scenarios? See if the following scenarios inspire you to answer your own research questions.

Research Summary 1

A researcher is interested in how playing a violent video game influences stress level. All participants will play Call of Duty: Black Ops, a violent shooter video game, for 20 minutes, and then play Gran Turismo, a nonviolent racing video game, for 20 minutes. Researchers will measure participants’ stress by assessing cardiac coherence, a synchronization of breathing and heart rhythm that indicates low stress (Hasan, Begue, & Bushman, 2013). The researchers will compare participants’ cardiac coherence after they have played each game.

Imeh Akpanudosen/Getty Images for Activision

Sylvain THOMAS/REA/Redux

Instructions

Jacek Dudzinski/Shutterstock

Based on this research summary, identify the key aspects of the study and design.

Identifying the Design

Question 1.1

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Identifying the Design

Question 1.2

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Identifying Variables

Question 1.3

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Identifying Variables

Which of the following is the independent variable in this study?

Independent Variable

Question 1.4

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Identifying Variables

Which of the following is measured and operationally defined by the dependent variable in this study?

Dependent Variable

Question 1.5

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Identifying the Hypothesis

lculig/iStockphoto/Getty Images

Which of the following is the best hypothesis for this study?

Hypothesis

Question 1.6

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Research Summary 2

A researcher seeks to evaluate the influence of group support on self-control. Within a 5-minute time frame, the researcher randomly assigns participants to complete one of two types of writing assignments: They write about a time they felt supported by a group, or about a time they felt a lack of support from a group. After the writing task, participants attempt to solve six anagrams, only three of which are solvable. The amount of time participants spend attempting to solve all of the puzzles measures their self-control.

Commercial Eye/The Image Bank/Getty Images

Instructions

Jacek Dudzinski/Shutterstock

Based on this research summary, identify the key aspects of the study and design.

Identifying the Design

Question 1.7

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Identifying the Design

Question 1.8

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Identifying Variables

Question 1.9

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Identifying Variables

Which of the following is the conceptual definition of the dependent variable in this study?

Conceptual Definition

Question 1.10

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Identifying Variables

Which of the following is measured and operationally defined by the dependent variable in this study?

Operational Definition

Question 1.11

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Identifying the Hypothesis

lculig/iStockphoto/Getty Images

Question 1.12

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Research Summary 3

A researcher is interested in whether authenticity (i.e., remaining true to oneself) is related to sexual communication in romantic relationships among young professionals in the Midwestern United States. Participants in monogamous romantic relationships complete the Authenticity Scale (Wood, Linley, Maltby, Baliousis, & Joseph, 2008), as well as the Sexual Communication Scale (Somers & Canivez, 2003).

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Instructions

Jacek Dudzinski/Shutterstock

Based on this research summary, identify the key aspects of the study and design.

Identifying the Design

Question 1.13

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Identifying Variables

Question 1.14

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Identifying Variables

Question 1.15

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Identifying Variables

Question 1.16

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Identifying Variables

Question 1.17

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Identifying the Hypothesis

lculig/iStockphoto/Getty Images

Question 1.18

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Research Summary 4

A researcher is interested in the influence of smell on mood—in particular, if certain smells can change a person’s sad mood. To induce sadness, the researcher asks all participants to watch a 2-minute video about abused puppies. Afterward, the researcher randomly assigns participants to one of three rooms. One room contains the smell of fresh-baked cookies, one room contains the smell of burnt cookies, and one room has no particular smell. While in their assigned room, participants complete a measure of mood to assess levels of happiness.

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Instructions

Jacek Dudzinski/Shutterstock

Based on this research summary, identify the key aspects of the study and design.

Identifying the Design

Question 1.19

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Identifying the Design

Question 1.20

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Identifying Variables

Which of the following is a constant in this study?

Constant

Question 1.21

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Identifying Variables

Question 1.22

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Identifying Variables

Question 1.23

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Identifying the Hypothesis

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Question 1.24

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Take Home Message

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Your practice identifying the types of designs, variables, and hypotheses presented in four diverse research scenarios is now complete. Now, as you begin to ponder and ask your own research questions, you will be prepared to answer them through the identification and development of key study elements.

Congratulations

Congratulations! You have successfully completed this activity.

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