Page numbers followed by “f” indicate figures.

Page numbers followed by “t” indicate tables.

L cells, 934

L1 elements, 319

lac operon transcription, 357–358, 358f

Lactic acid fermentation, 519f

Lactose, 48f

Lagging strand, 199, 199f

Lamellipodium, 778

Laminin, 796, 945, 946f, 947, 947f

Lamins, 14, 863, 864t, 865, 866

Langerhans cells, 1125

Large rRNA, 190

Large T-antigen, 199, 200f

Laser-scanning confocal microscope (LSCM), 147, 148f

Late endosome, 632

Lateral surface, 24, 931

Latrunculin, 792

LBD. See Ligand-binding domain

LC. See Liquid chromatography; Myosin regulatory light chain

LC-MS/MS, 118, 123

LDL. See Low-density lipoprotein

LDL receptor, 660–661

pH-dependent binding of, 663, 663f

LDLR gene, 661

Leading strand, 199, 199f

Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy, 528

Lectins, 289

Lefkowitz, Robert, 690

Leghemoglobin, 79, 79f

Lentiviruses, 252, 252f

Leprosy, 965

Lesion-bypass DNA polymerases, 1168

let-7, 982–983

Leucine, 43, 184

Leucine zipper proteins, 386

Leucine zippers, 75

Leukemia, 218, 995, 1136, 1144

promyelocytic, 469

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), 982

Leukocyte-adhesion deficiency, 967

Leukocytes, 4f, 792f, 1082–1083, 1124

movement of, 966–967, 966f

Levi-Montalcini, Rita, 1016

LG domains, 947

Lgr5-expressing stem cells, 992, 993f, 994, 994f

LH. See Luteinizing hormone

LHCI, 568

LHCII, 568, 572, 572f

LHCs. See Light-harvesting complexes

LHRH. See Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone

Lidocaine, 1042

LIF. See Leukemia inhibitory factor

Ligand, 53, 54f, 89, 90f

binding to GPCRs, 688f

cell sensitivity to, 683

delta, 761, 762f

fas, 1021–1022

maximal cellular response to, 682

receptor affinity for, 681–682, 682f

Ligand-activated G protein–coupled receptors, 689–691

Ligand-binding domain (LBD), 403f

Ligand-binding site, 89

Ligand-gated ion channels, 1048, 1057

Ligand-induced dimerization, 1090

Light chains, 797, 1096

Light meromyosin (LMM), 798

Light microscopy, 139–156

bright-field, 139, 140f, 142f

fixed samples for, 143

resolution of, 139, 141

Light-absorbing pigments, 560–566

Light-activated ion channels, 1046–1047

Light-harvesting complexes (LHCs), 563, 565f, 566

Light-sheet microscopy, 155–156, 155f

Lignin, 969

Lincoln, Abraham, 960

LINE retrotransposons, 322

LINE RNA, 319

Linear electron flow, 568–569, 569f

LINEs. See Long interspersed elements

Linkage, 232

mapping, 255–256, 257f

Linkage disequilibrium, 256, 257f

Linker scanning mutagenesis, 378, 378f

Linkers, 239

Lipid bilayer, 273–283

Lipid droplets, 283, 283f

Lipid rafts, 282–283

Lipid-anchored membrane proteins, 284, 288–289

Lipid-binding motifs, 290

Lipids

biomembrane mobility of, 278–279, 280f

biomembrane properties and, 279–281, 281f, 281t

in biomembranes, 276, 277, 278

cell storage of, 283, 283f

cell uptake of, 659–660

covalently attached, 288–289

diabetes mellitus and, 769

in exoplasmic and cytosolic leaflets, 281–282

Lipid-soluble substrates, ABC proteins flipping, 493–494

Lipmann, Fritz, 61

Lipoproteins, 659–660. See also High-density lipoprotein; Low-density lipoprotein

Liposomes, 273, 644

Liquid chromatography (LC), 109–111, 110f, 123f

LIS1, 841, 841f

Listeria monocytogenes, 789–790, 790f

Liver, GLUT2 in, 480

I-19

Living organisms, 2f

systems of, 5f

L-LDP, 1074–1075

L-LTP, 1074–1075

LMM. See Light meromyosin

lncRNAs. See Long noncoding RNAs

Localization, mRNA, 457, 459–460

LOH. See Loss of heterozygosity

Long interspersed elements (LINEs), 318, 319–320, 319f, 320f

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), 308–309, 354, 409–411

cis activation by, 410–411

post-transcription modification of adenines, 447

trans repression by, 410

X chromosome inactivation, 409–410, 410f

Long terminal repeats (LTRs), 316, 316f, 317f, 318, 1152

Long-term depression (LTD), 1072, 1073f, 1074–1075

Long-term memory formation, 1074–1075

Long-term potentiation (LTP), 1072, 1073f, 1074–1075

Loratadine, 687t

Losartan, 687t

Loss of function, 225, 1152–1153, 1160

Loss of heterozygosity (LOH), 1154, 1154f

Lou Gehrig’s disease. See Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), 40, 440, 440f, 659–660, 660f, 764

cellular uptake of, 660, 661f

endocytic pathway for internalization of, 662, 662f

FH and, 661

pH-dependent binding of, 663, 663f

loxP-Cre recombination system, 262, 264f

LPA. See Lysophosphatidic acid

LRP4, 1050f, 1051

LSCM. See Laser-scanning confocal microscope

LTD. See Long-term depression

LTP. See Long-term potentiation

LTR retrotransposons, 316, 316f, 318

LTRs. See Long terminal repeats

Lumen, 16

Luminal sorting signals, 641, 642t

Lung cancer, 1137

Luteinizing hormone (LH), 713

Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), 713

Lymph, 1082

Lymph nodes, 1082–1083, 1083f, 1128

Lymphatic system, 1082, 1082f

Lymphocytes, 1082–1083, 1083f

cancer defenses, 1131

naive, 1091–1093

Lymphoma, 1161, 1161f, 1164

Lynch syndrome, 1167

Lys-48, 103

Lysine, 43, 104f

Lysis, 213

Lysogeny, 216

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), 815f

Lysophospholipids, 278

Lysosomal storage diseases, 655

Lysosomes, 13f, 16–17, 17f, 792f

acidity regulation in, 489–491

autophagic pathway and, 667–669

cytosolic proteins directed to, 667–669

enzyme trafficking, 653–655, 654f

membrane proteins directed to, 665–667

plasma membrane protein degradation in, 665, 666f

protein targeting to, 653–655, 653f

RTK degradation by, 738

targeting to, 585

Lysozyme, 994, 1083

Lytic viral growth cycles, 213–216, 215f