Viewpoints: Justinian’s Deeds and His Critics

Justinian (ca. 482–565) has a justifiable claim to having been the greatest of the Byzantine emperors. At his direction, Roman law was systematically reformed and codified. The resulting Corpus Juris Civilis would have a profound effect on European legal systems for centuries to come. While his military efforts did not result in long-term gains, during his lifetime Justinian’s armies recaptured significant territory in the West that had previously been lost to Germanic peoples. His extensive building programs, particularly in Constantinople, produced some of the most spectacular structures the world has ever seen. The best-known account of his reign, however, paints a very different picture. As Procopius’s Secret History tells it, Justinian and his wife, Theodora, were evil incarnate, capable of the most vicious and depraved acts. As you examine the documents included below, think about this apparent contradiction. Given Justinian’s accomplishments, what might Procopius’s motive have been for vilifying him in the Secret History? How might Justinian have responded to Procopius’s charges?