Viewpoints: Peoples Without Nations

European nationalism came in many forms and drew on a variety of intellectual and cultural traditions. Nonetheless, all nationalists agreed on one thing: to achieve its historical potential, a people needed a nation, a defined geographic space in which to live and develop. For French and British nationalists, this imperative created no real obstacle to the fulfillment of the nationalist dream since the people they identified as “French” or “British” were already concentrated within the boundaries of autonomous states. For other European nationalists, however, the situation was not as straightforward. In the early nineteenth century, Johann Gottlieb Fichte (Document 24-2) dreamed of a Germany “of Germans” and “for Germans”; however, not only were ethnic German populations scattered across central and eastern Europe, but there was no unified German nation at that time in which they could gather. At the end of the nineteenth century, Zionists like Max Nordau (Document 24-3) faced an even more difficult challenge. Convinced that Jews would never be accepted as full citizens of European nations, and at the same time committed to the notion that the full development of the Jewish people could only take place within a nation, Zionists had to look further back in history and outside of Europe for a potential solution to their dilemma. As you read these excerpts from the writings of Fichte and Nordau, look for areas of agreement between the two authors. What assumptions do both men make about the importance of a nation to the development of a people?