Document 27-4: HARRIET BEECHER STOWE, From Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)

A Slave Dealer Explains His Craft

The 1852 publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811–1896) was a pivotal event in the American abolitionist movement. An instant success, the novel appealed to the sentimentalism of the mid-nineteenth-century reading public, humanizing the issue of slavery for many Northerners by presenting readers with sympathetic slave characters and then placing those characters in emotionally charged circumstances. The opening scene of the novel provides a good example of Stowe’s approach. In it, Mr. Shelby, a slave owner, and Mr. Haley, a slave trader, negotiate the possible sale of a young boy and his mother. The boy, Harry, is innocent and charming; the mother, Eliza, beautiful, sincere, and virtuous. As the scene develops, an implicit contrast is created between the absence of feeling displayed by the slave trader and the depth of emotion the reader imagines the mother and child will experience if their parting comes to pass. As you read this excerpt, place yourself in the position of a nineteenth-century reader. How might such a reader have responded to the scene? Why?

“Hurrah! bravo! what a young ’un!” said Haley; “that chap’s a case, I’ll promise. Tell you what,” said he, suddenly clapping his hand on Mr. Shelby’s shoulder, “fling in that chap, and I’ll settle the business — I will. Come, now, if that ain’t doing the thing up about the rightest.”

At this moment, the door was pushed gently open, and a young quadroon woman, apparently about twenty-five, entered the room.

There needed only a glance from the child to her, to identify her as its mother. There was the same rich, full, dark eye, with its long lashes; the same ripples of silky black hair. The brown of her complexion gave way on the cheek to a perceptible flush, which deepened as she saw the gaze of the strange man fixed upon her in bold and undisguised admiration. Her dress was of the neatest possible fit, and set off to advantage her finely-molded shape. A delicately formed hand, and a trim foot and ankle, were items of appearance that did not escape the quick eye of the trader, well used to run up at a glance the points of a fine female article.

“Well, Eliza?” said her master, as she stopped and looked hesitatingly at him.

“I was looking for Harry, please, sir;” and the boy bounded toward her, showing his spoils, which he had gathered in the skirt of his robe.

“Well, take him away, then,” said Mr. Shelby; and hastily she withdrew, carrying the child on her arm.

“By Jupiter!” said the trader, turning to him in admiration, “there’s an article now! You might make your fortune on that ar gal in Orleans, any day. I’ve seen over a thousand, in my day, paid down for gals not a bit handsomer.”

“I don’t want to make my fortune on her,” said Mr. Shelby, drily; and, seeking to turn the conversation, he uncorked a bottle of fresh wine, and asked his companion’s opinion of it.

“Capital, sir — first chop!” said the trader; then turning, and slapping his hand familiarly on Shelby’s shoulder, he added: “Come, how will you trade about the gal? what shall I say for her? what ’ll you take?”

“Mr. Haley, she is not to be sold,” said Shelby; “my wife would not part with her for her weight in gold.”

“Ay, ay, women always say such things, ’cause they ha’nt no sort of calculation. Just show ’em how many watches, feathers, and trinkets one’s weight in gold would buy, and that alters the case, I reckon.”

“I tell you, Haley, this must not be spoken of. I say no, and I mean no,” said Shelby, decidedly.

“Well, you’ll let me have the boy though?” said the trader; “you must own I’ve come down pretty handsomely for him.”

“What on earth can you want with the child?” said Shelby.

“Why, I’ve got a friend that’s going into this yer branch of the business — wants to buy up handsome boys to raise for the market. Fancy articles entirely — sell for waiters, and so on, to rich ’uns, that can pay for handsome ’uns. It sets off one of yer great places — a real handsome boy to open door, wait, and tend. They fetch a good sum; and this little devil is such a comical, musical concern, he’s just the article.”

“I would rather not sell him,” said Mr. Shelby, thoughtfully; “the fact is, sir, I’m a humane man, and I hate to take the boy from his mother, sir.”

“Oh, you do? — La! yes — something of that ar nature. I understand, perfectly. It is mighty onpleasant getting on with women sometimes. I al’ays hates these yer screechin,’ screamin’ times. They are mighty onpleasant; but, as I manages business, I generally avoids ’em, sir. Now, what if you get the girl off for a day, or a week, or so; then the thing’s done quietly, — all over before she comes home. Your wife might get her some ear-rings, or a new gown, or some such truck, to make up with her.”

“I’m afraid not.”

“Lor bless ye, yes! These critters an’t like white folks, you know; they gets over things, only manage right. Now, they say,” said Haley, assuming a candid and confidential air, “that this kind o’ trade is hardening to the feelings; but I never found it so. Fact is, I never could do things up the way some fellers manage the business. I’ve seen ’em as would pull a woman’s child out of her arms, and set him up to sell, and she screechin’ like mad all the time; — very bad policy — damages the article — makes ’em quite unfit for service sometimes. I knew a real handsome gal once, in Orleans, as was entirely ruined by this sort o’ handling. The fellow that was trading for her didn’t want her baby; and she was one of your real high sort, when her blood was up. I tell you, she squeezed up her child in her arms, and talked, and went on real awful. It kinder makes my blood run cold to think on’t; and when they carried off the child, and locked her up, she jest went ravin’ mad, and died in a week. Clear waste, sir, of a thousand dollars, just for want of management, — there’s where ’t is. It’s always best to do the humane thing, sir; that’s been my experience.”

And the trader leaned back in his chair, and folded his arm, with an air of virtuous decision, apparently considering himself a second Wilberforce.3

The subject appeared to interest the gentleman deeply; for while Mr. Shelby was thoughtfully peeling an orange, Haley broke out afresh, with becoming diffidence, but as if actually driven by the force of truth to say a few words more.

“It don’t look well, now, for a feller to be praisin’ himself; but I say it jest because it’s the truth. I believe I’m reckoned to bring in about the finest droves of niggers that is brought in — at least I’ve been told so; if I have once, I reckon I have a hundred times — all in good case — fat and likely, and I lose as few as any man in the business. And I lays it all to my management, sir; and humanity, sir, I may say, is the great pillar of my management.”

Mr. Shelby did not know what to say, and so he said, “Indeed!”

“Now, I’ve been laughed at for my notions, sir, and I’ve been talked to. They an’t pop’lar, and they an’t common; but I stuck to ’em, sir; I’ve stuck to ’em, and realized well on ’em; yes, sir, they have paid their passage, I may say”; and the trader laughed at his joke.

There was something so piquant and original in these elucidations of humanity, that Mr. Shelby could not help laughing in company. Perhaps you laugh too, dear reader; but you know humanity comes out in a variety of strange forms now-a-days, and there is no end to the odd things that humane people will say and do.

READING AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

  1. What does the scene suggest about Eliza’s morals? How does her reaction to Mr. Haley’s evident lust help establish her as a sympathetic character?
  2. What importance should we attach to Mr. Shelby’s references to his wife’s opposition to the sale of the family’s slaves? What do these references suggest about Stowe’s views on the moral and emotional differences between men and women?
  3. How would you explain the popularity of Uncle Tom’s Cabin? Why might a nineteenth-century audience have found it so moving and persuasive?