| ca. 1000 B.C.E. | 264–201; 149–146 B.C.E. |
| – Earliest settlements in the area that became the city of Rome | – Punic Wars |
|
| 753 B.C.E. | 133–121 B.C.E. |
| – Traditional founding of the city of Rome | – Reforms of the Gracchi |
|
| 509 B.C.E. | 107–31 B.C.E. |
| – Traditional date of establishment of the Roman Republic | – Turmoil in the late republic (see timeline, page 141) |
|
| 451–449 B.C.E. | 44 B.C.E. |
| – Laws of the Twelve Tables written and issued | – Julius Caesar assassinated |
|
| 390 B.C.E. | 31 B.C.E. |
| – Gauls sack Rome | – Octavian defeats Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium |
|
| 367 B.C.E. | 27 B.C.E. |
| – Licinian-Sextian laws passed | – Senate issues decrees giving Octavian great power |
|
| ca. 265 B.C.E. | |
| – Romans control most of Italy | |