Introduction for Chapter 1
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 1
What do we mean by "the West" and "Western civilization"?
Describing the West
What Is Civilization?
How did early human societies develop and create new technologies and cultural forms?
From the First Hominids to the Paleolithic Era
Quiz for Picturing the Past: Paleolithic Venus Figures
Planting Crops
Implications of Agriculture
Trade and Cross-Cultural Connections
What kind of civilization did the Sumerians develop in Mesopotamia?
Environment and Mesopotamian Development
The Invention of Writing and the First Schools
Religion in Mesopotamia
Sumerian Politics and Society
How did the Akkadian and Old Babylonian empires develop in Mesopotamia?
The Akkadians and the Babylonians
Life Under Hammurabi
Cultural Exchange in the Fertile Crescent
How did the Egyptians create a prosperous and long-lasting society?
The Nile and the God-King
Egyptian Religion
Egyptian Society and Work
Egyptian Family Life
Quiz for Picturing the Past: Egyptian Home Life
The Hyksos and New Kingdom Revival
Individuals in Society: Hatshepsut and Nefertiti
Conflict and Cooperation with the Hittites
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
CHAPTER 1 STUDY GUIDE
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Step 4: Put it All Together
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Introduction for Chapter 2
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 2
How did iron technology shape new states after 1200 B.C.E.?
Iron Technology
The Decline of Egypt and the Emergence of Kush
The Rise of Phoenicia
How did the Hebrews create an enduring religious tradition?
The Hebrew State
The Jewish Religion
Hebrew Family and Society
What explains the rise and fall of the Assyrians?
Assyria’s Long Road to Power
Assyrian Rule and Culture
Quiz for Picturing the Past: Assyrians Besiege a City
The Neo-Babylonian Empire
How did the Persians consolidate their extensive empire?
Consolidation of the Persian Empire
Individuals in Society: Cyrus the Great
Persian Religion
Persian Art and Culture
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
CHAPTER 2 STUDY GUIDE
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Introduction for Chapter 3
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 3
How did the geography of Greece shape its earliest kingdoms?
Geography and Settlement
The Minoans
The Mycenaeans
Homer, Hesiod, and the Epic
What was the role of the polis in Greek society?
Organization of the Polis
Governing Structures
Overseas Expansion
The Growth of Sparta
The Evolution of Athens
What were the causes and consequences of the major wars of the classical period?
The Persian Wars
Growth of the Athenian Empire
The Peloponnesian War
The Struggle for Dominance
Philip II and Macedonian Supremacy
What were the lasting cultural and intellectual achievements of the classical period?
Athenian Arts in the Age of Pericles
Quiz for Picturing the Past: The Acropolis of Athens
Households and Work
Gender and Sexuality
Individuals in Society: Aspasia
Public and Personal Religion
The Flowering of Philosophy
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
CHAPTER 3 STUDY GUIDE
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Introduction for Chapter 4
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 4
How and why did Alexander the Great create an empire?
Military Campaigns
The Political Legacy
How did Greek ideas and traditions spread?
Urban Life
Greeks in Hellenistic Cities
Greeks and Non-Greeks
What new economic connections were created in the Hellenistic period?
Agriculture and Industry
Commerce
How did religion and philosophy shape everyday life in the Hellenistic world?
Religion and Magic
Hellenism and the Jews
Philosophy and the People
How did science and medicine serve the needs of Hellenistic society?
Quiz for Picturing the Past: Physician with Young Patient
Science
Individuals in Society: Archimedes, Scientist and Inventor
Medicine
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
CHAPTER 4 STUDY GUIDE
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Introduction for Chapter 5
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 5
How did the Romans become the dominant power in Italy?
Quiz for Picturing the Past: The Temple of Hercules Victor
The Geography of Italy
The Etruscans
The Founding of Rome
The Roman Conquest of Italy
What were the key institutions of the Roman Republic?
The Roman State
Social Conflict in Rome
How did the Romans build a Mediterranean empire?
The Punic Wars
Rome Turns East
How did expansion affect Roman society and culture?
Roman Families
Greek Influence on Roman Culture
Opposing Views: Cato the Elder and Scipio Aemilianus
What led to the fall of the Roman Republic?
Reforms for Poor and Landless Citizens
Political Violence
Civil War
Individuals in Society: Queen Cleopatra
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
CHAPTER 5 STUDY GUIDE
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Introduction for Chapter 6
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 6
How did Augustus create a foundation for the Roman Empire?
The Principate
Roman Expansion
The Flowering of Latin Literature
Marriage and Morality
Quiz for Picturing the Past: Ara Pacis
How did the Roman state develop after Augustus?
The Julio-Claudians and the Flavians
The Age of the “Five Good Emperors”
Individuals in Society: Bithus, a Soldier in the Roman Army
What was life like in the city of Rome, and what was it like in the provinces?
Life in Imperial Rome
Approaches to Urban Problems
Popular Entertainment
Prosperity in the Roman Provinces
Trade and Commerce
How did Christianity grow into a major religious movement?
Factors Behind the Rise of Christianity
The Life and Teachings of Jesus
The Spread of Christianity
The Growing Acceptance and Evolution of Christianity
What explains the chaos of the third century C.E.?
Civil Wars and Military Commanders
Turmoil in Economic Life
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
CHAPTER 6 STUDY GUIDE
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Introduction for Chapter 7
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 7
How did Diocletian and Constantine try to reform the empire?
Political Measures
Economic Issues
The Acceptance of Christianity
How did the Christian Church become a major force in Europe?
The Church and Its Leaders
The Development of Christian Monasticism
Monastery Life
Christianity and Classical Culture
Christian Notions of Gender and Sexuality
Saint Augustine on Human Nature, Will, and Sin
What were the key characteristics of barbarian society?
Village and Family Life
Tribes and Hierarchies
Customary and Written Law
Celtic and Germanic Religion
What were some of the causes and consequences of the barbarian migrations?
Celtic and Germanic People in Gaul and Britain
Visigoths and Huns
Quiz for Picturing the Past: Battle Between Romans and Goths
Germanic Kingdoms and the End of the Roman Empire
How did the church convert barbarian peoples to Christianity?
Missionaries’ Actions
The Process of Conversion
How did the Byzantine Empire preserve the legacy of Rome?
Sources of Byzantine Strength
The Law Code of Justinian
Byzantine Intellectual Life
Individuals in Society: Theodora of Constantinople
The Orthodox Church
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
CHAPTER 7 STUDY GUIDE
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Introduction for Chapter 8
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 8
What were the origins and early impact of Islam?
The Arabs
The Prophet Muhammad
The Teachings and Expansion of Islam
Sunni and Shi’a Divisions
Life in Muslim Spain
Muslim-Christian Relations
Cross-Cultural Influences in Science and Medicine
How did the Franks build and govern a European empire?
The Merovingians
The Rise of the Carolingians
The Warrior-Ruler Charlemagne
Carolingian Government and Society
Quiz for Picturing the Past: Charlemagne and His Wife
The Imperial Coronation of Charlemagne
What were the significant intellectual and cultural changes in Charlemagne’s era?
The Carolingian Renaissance
Northumbrian Learning and Writing
Individuals in Society: The Venerable Bede
What were the consequences of the ninth-century invasions and migrations?
Vikings in Western Europe
Slavs and Vikings in Eastern Europe
Magyars and Muslims
How did internal conflict and outside threats shape European development?
Decentralization and the Origins of Feudalism
Manorialism, Serfdom, and the Slave Trade
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
CHAPTER 8 STUDY GUIDE
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Introduction for Chapter 9
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 9
How did monarchs try to centralize political power?
England
France
Central Europe
Italy
The Iberian Peninsula
How did the administration of law evolve in this period?
Local Laws and Royal Courts
The Magna Carta
Law in Everyday Life
What were the political and social roles of nobles?
Origins and Status of the Nobility
Training, Marriage, and Inheritance
Power and Responsibility
How did the papacy reform the church?
The Gregorian Reforms
Emperor Versus Pope
Criticism and Heresy
The Popes and Church Law
What roles did monks, nuns, and friars play in medieval society?
Monastic Revival
Life in Convents and Monasteries
Individuals in Society: Hildegard of Bingen
The Friars
What were the causes, course, and consequences of the Crusades?
Quiz for Picturing the Past: The Capture of Jerusalem in 1099
Background and Motives of the Crusades
The Course of the Crusades
Consequences of the Crusades
The Expansion of Christianity
Christendom
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
CHAPTER 9 STUDY GUIDE
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Introduction for Chapter 10
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 10
What was village life like in medieval Europe?
Slavery, Serfdom, and Upward Mobility
The Manor
Work
Home Life
Childbirth and Child Abandonment
How did religion shape everyday life in the High Middle Ages?
Christian Life in Medieval Villages
Saints and Sacraments
Muslims and Jews
Rituals of Marriage and Birth
Death and the Afterlife
What led to Europe’s economic growth and reurbanization?
The Rise of Towns
Merchant and Craft Guilds
The Revival of Long-Distance Trade
Business Procedures
The Commercial Revolution
Individuals in Society: Francesco Datini
What was life like in medieval cities?
City Life
Servants and the Poor
Popular Entertainment
How did universities serve the needs of medieval society?
Origins
Legal and Medical Training
Quiz for Picturing the Past: Healthy Living
Theology and Philosophy
University Students
How did literature and architecture express medieval values?
Vernacular Literature and Drama
Churches and Cathedrals
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
CHAPTER 10 STUDY GUIDE
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Introduction for Chapter 11
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 11
How did climate change shape the late Middle Ages?
Climate Change and Famine
Social Consequences
How did the Black Death reshape European society?
Pathology
Spread of the Disease
Care of the Sick
Economic, Religious, and Cultural Effects
Quiz for Picturing the Past: Dance of Death
What were the causes, course, and consequences of the Hundred Years’ War?
Causes
English Successes
Joan of Arc and France’s Victory
Aftermath
Why did the church come under increasing criticism?
The Babylonian Captivity and Great Schism
Critiques, Divisions, and Councils
Lay Piety and Mysticism
Individuals in Society: Meister Eckhart
What explains the social unrest of the late Middle Ages?
Peasant Revolts
Urban Conflicts
Sex in the City
Fur-Collar Crime
Ethnic Tensions and Restrictions
Literacy and Vernacular Literature
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
CHAPTER 11 STUDY GUIDE
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Introduction for Chapter 12
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 12
How did politics and economics shape the Renaissance?
Trade and Prosperity
Communes and Republics of Northern Italy
City-States and the Balance of Power
What new ideas were associated with the Renaissance?
Humanism
Individuals in Society: Leonardo da Vinci
Education
Political Thought
Christian Humanism
The Printed Word
How did art reflect new Renaissance ideals?
Patronage and Power
Changing Artistic Styles
The Renaissance Artist
What were the key social hierarchies in Renaissance Europe?
Race and Slavery
Wealth and the Nobility
Gender Roles
How did nation-states develop in this period?
Quiz for Picturing the Past: Tax Collectors
France
England
Spain
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
CHAPTER 12 STUDY GUIDE
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Introduction for Chapter 13
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 13
What were the central ideas of the reformers?
The Christian Church in the Early Sixteenth Century
Martin Luther
Protestant Thought
The Appeal of Protestant Ideas
The Radical Reformation and the German Peasants’ War
Individuals in Society: Anna Jansz of Rotterdam
Marriage, Sexuality, and the Role of Women
Quiz for Picturing the Past: Domestic Scene
How did the political situation in Germany shape the course of the Reformation?
The Rise of the Habsburg Dynasty
Religious Wars in Switzerland and Germany
How did Protestant ideas and institutions spread beyond German-speaking lands?
Scandinavia
Henry VIII and the Reformation in England
Upholding Protestantism in England
Calvinism
The Reformation in Eastern Europe
What reforms did the Catholic Church make?
Papal Reform and the Council of Trent
New and Reformed Religious Orders
What were the causes and consequences of religious violence?
French Religious Wars
The Netherlands Under Charles V
The Great European Witch-Hunt
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
CHAPTER 13 STUDY GUIDE
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Introduction for Chapter 14
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 14
What was the Afroeurasian trading world before Columbus?
The Trade World of the Indian Ocean
Trading States of Africa
The Ottoman and Persian Empires
Genoese and Venetian Middlemen
How and why did Europeans undertake ambitious voyages of expansion?
Causes of European Expansion
Technology and the Rise of Exploration
The Portuguese Overseas Empire
The Problem of Christopher Columbus
Later Explorers
Spanish Conquest in the New World
Quiz for Picturing the Past: Doña Marina Translating for Hernando Cortés During His Meeting with Montezuma
Early French and English Settlement in the New World
What was the impact of European conquest on the New World?
Colonial Administration
Impact of European Settlement on the Lives of Indigenous Peoples
Life in the Colonies
The Columbian Exchange
How did Europe and the world change after Columbus?
Sugar and Slavery
Individuals in Society: Juan de Pareja
Spanish Silver and Its Economic Effects
The Birth of the Global Economy
How did expansion change European attitudes and beliefs?
New Ideas About Race
Michel de Montaigne and Cultural Curiosity
William Shakespeare and His Influence
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
CHAPTER 14 STUDY GUIDE
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Introduction for Chapter 15
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 15
What made the seventeenth century an “age of crisis”?
The Social Order and Peasant Life
Famine and Economic Crisis
The Thirty Years’ War
Achievements in State-Building
Warfare and the Growth of Army Size
Popular Political Action
Why did France rise and Spain fall in this period?
The Foundations of Absolutism
Louis XIV and Absolutism
Quiz for Picturing the Past: Louis XIV, King of France and Navarre, 1701
Life at Versailles
French Financial Management Under Colbert
Louis XIV’s Wars
The Decline of Absolutist Spain in the Seventeenth Century
What explains the rise of absolutism in Prussia and Austria?
The Return of Serfdom in the East
The Austrian Habsburgs
Prussia in the Seventeenth Century
The Consolidation of Prussian Absolutism
What were the distinctive features of Russian and Ottoman absolutism?
The Mongol Yoke and the Rise of Moscow
The Tsar and His People
The Reforms of Peter the Great
The Growth of the Ottoman Empire
Individuals in Society: Hürrem
How and why did the constitutional state triumph in the Dutch Republic and England?
Absolutist Claims in England
Religious Divides and the English Civil War
Cromwell and Puritanical Absolutism in England
The Restoration of the English Monarchy
Constitutional Monarchy and Cabinet Government
The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century
What was the baroque style in art and music, and where was it popular?
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
CHAPTER 15 STUDY GUIDE
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Introduction for Chapter 16
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 16
What revolutionary discoveries were made in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?
Scientific Thought in 1500
Origins of the Scientific Revolution
The Copernican Hypothesis
Brahe, Kepler, and Galileo: Proving Copernicus Right
Newton’s Synthesis
What intellectual and social changes occurred as a result of the Scientific Revolution?
Bacon, Descartes, and the Scientific Method
Medicine, the Body, and Chemistry
Empire and Natural History
Science and Society
What new ideas about society and human relations emerged in the Enlightenment?
Quiz for Picturing the Past: Enlightenment Culture
The Emergence of the Enlightenment
The Influence of the Philosophes
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
The International Enlightenment
Urban Culture and Life in the Public Sphere
Race and the Enlightenment
What impact did new ways of thinking have on politics?
Frederick the Great of Prussia
Catherine the Great of Russia
The Austrian Habsburgs
Jewish Life and the Limits of Enlightened Absolutism
Individuals in Society: Moses Mendelssohn and the Jewish Enlightenment
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
CHAPTER 16 STUDY GUIDE
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Introduction for Chapter 17
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 17
How did European agriculture change between 1650 and 1800?
The Legacy of the Open-Field System
New Methods of Agriculture
The Leadership of the Low Countries and England
Why did the European population rise dramatically in the eighteenth century?
Long-Standing Obstacles to Population Growth
The New Pattern of the Eighteenth Century
How and why did rural industry intensify in the eighteenth century?
The Putting-Out System
The Lives of Rural Textile Workers
The Industrious Revolution
What were guilds, and why did they become controversial in the eighteenth century?
Urban Guilds
Adam Smith and Economic Liberalism
What role did colonial markets play in Europe’s development?
Mercantilism and Colonial Competition
The Atlantic Economy
The Atlantic Slave Trade
Identities and Communities of the Atlantic World
Quiz for Picturing the Past: Mulatto Painting
Individuals in Society: Rebecca Protten
The Colonial Enlightenment
Trade and Empire in Asia and the Pacific
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
CHAPTER 17 STUDY GUIDE
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Introduction for Chapter 18
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 18
How did marriage and family life change in the eighteenth century?
Late Marriage and Nuclear Families
Work Away from Home
Premarital Sex and Community Controls
New Patterns of Marriage and Illegitimacy
Sex on the Margins of Society
What was life like for children, and how did attitudes toward childhood evolve?
Child Care and Nursing
Foundlings and Infanticide
Attitudes Toward Children
The Spread of Elementary Schools
How did increasing literacy and new patterns of consumption affect people’s lives?
Popular Literature
Leisure and Recreation
New Foods and Appetites
Toward a Consumer Society
Quiz for Picturing the Past: The Fashion Merchant
Individuals in Society: Rose Bertin, “Minister of Fashion”
What role did religion play in eighteenth-century society?
Church Hierarchy
Protestant Revival
Catholic Piety
Marginal Beliefs and Practices
How did the practice of medicine evolve in the eighteenth century?
Faith Healing and General Practice
Improvements in Surgery
Midwifery
The Conquest of Smallpox
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
CHAPTER 18 STUDY GUIDE
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Introduction for Chapter 19
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 19
What were the factors behind the revolutions of the late eighteenth century?
Social Change
Growing Demands for Liberty and Equality
The Seven Years’ War
Why and how did American colonists forge a new, independent nation?
The Origins of the Revolution
Independence from Britain
Framing the Constitution
Limitations of Liberty and Equality
How did the events of 1789 result in a constitutional monarchy in France?
Breakdown of the Old Order
The Formation of the National Assembly
Popular Uprising and the Rights of Man
A Constitutional Monarchy and Its Challenges
Why and how did the French Revolution take a radical turn?
The International Response
The Second Revolution and the New Republic
Quiz for Picturing the Past: Contrasting Visions of the Sans-Culottes
Total War and the Terror
The Thermidorian Reaction and the Directory
Why did Napoleon Bonaparte assume control of France and much of Europe?
Napoleon’s Rule of France
Napoleon’s Expansion in Europe
The Grand Empire and Its End
How did slave revolt on colonial Saint-Domingue lead to the independent nation of Haiti?
Revolutionary Aspirations in Saint-Domingue
The Outbreak of Revolt
Individuals in Society: Toussaint L’Ouverture
The War of Haitian Independence
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
CHAPTER 19 STUDY GUIDE
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Introduction for Chapter 20
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 20
What were the origins of the Industrial Revolution in Britain?
Origins of the British Industrial Revolution
Technological Innovations and Early Factories
The Steam Engine Breakthrough
Individuals in Society: Josiah Wedgwood
The Coming of the Railroads
Industry and Population
How did countries outside Britain respond to the challenge of industrialization?
National and International Variations
Industrialization in Continental Europe
Agents of Industrialization
Government Support and Corporate Banking
The Situation Outside Europe
How did work and daily life evolve during the Industrial Revolution?
Work in Early Factories
Working Families and Children
The New Sexual Division of Labor
What were the social consequences of industrialization?
Quiz for Picturing the Past: Ford Maddox Brown, Work
The New Class of Factory Owners
Debates over Industrialization
The Early British Labor Movement
The Impact of Slavery
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
CHAPTER 20 STUDY GUIDE
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Introduction for Chapter 21
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 21
How was peace restored and maintained after 1815?
The European Balance of Power
Metternich and Conservatism
Repressing the Revolutionary Spirit
Limits to Conservative Power and Revolution in South America
What new ideologies emerged to challenge conservatism?
Liberalism and the Middle Class
The Growing Appeal of Nationalism
The Foundations of Modern Socialism
The Birth of Marxist Socialism
What were the characteristics of the romantic movement?
The Tenets of Romanticism
Literature
Individuals in Society: Germaine de Staël
Art and Music
How and where was conservatism challenged after 1815?
National Liberation in Greece
Liberal Reform in Great Britain
Ireland and the Great Famine
The Revolution of 1830 in France
What were the main causes and results of the revolutions of 1848?
A Democratic Republic in France
Quiz for Picturing the Past: The Triumph of Democratic Republics
Revolution and Reaction in the Austrian Empire
Prussia, the German Confederation, and the Frankfurt National Parliament
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
CHAPTER 21 STUDY GUIDE
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Introduction for Chapter 22
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 22
How did urban life change in the nineteenth century?
Industry and the Growth of Cities
The Advent of the Public Health Movement
The Bacterial Revolution
Improvements in Urban Planning
Public Transportation
What were the characteristics of urban industrial society?
The Distribution of Income
Quiz for Picturing the Past: Apartment Living in Paris
The People and Occupations of the Middle Classes
Middle-Class Culture and Values
The People and Occupations of the Working Classes
Working-Class Leisure and Religion
How did urbanization affect family life and gender roles?
Middle-Class Marriage and Courtship Rituals
Middle- and Working-Class Sexuality
Prostitution
Separate Spheres and the Importance of Homemaking
Child Rearing
The Feminist Movement
Individuals in Society: Franziska Tiburtius
How and why did intellectual life change in this period?
The Triumph of Science in Industry
Darwin and Natural Selection
The Modern University and the Social Sciences
Realism in Art and Literature
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
CHAPTER 22 STUDY GUIDE
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Introduction for Chapter 23
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 23
What kind of state did Napoleon III build in France?
France’s Second Republic
Napoleon III’s Second Empire
How did conflict and war lead to the construction of strong nation-states?
Italy to 1850
Cavour and Garibaldi in Italy
Growing Austro-Prussian Rivalry
Bismarck and the Austro-Prussian War
Taming the German Parliament
The Franco-Prussian War
Slavery and Nation Building in the United States
What steps did Russia and the Ottoman Turks take toward modernization?
The “Great Reforms” in Russia
The Russian Revolution of 1905
Reform and Readjustment in the Ottoman Empire
What general domestic political trends emerged after 1871?
The German Empire
Republican France
Great Britain and Ireland
The Austro-Hungarian Empire
How did popular nationalism evolve?
Making National Citizens
Quiz for Picturing the Past: Building Nationalism
Jewish Emancipation and Modern Anti-Semitism
Individuals in Society: Theodor Herzl
Nationalism and Racism
Why did the socialist movement grow, and how revolutionary was it?
The Socialist International
Unions and Revisionism
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
CHAPTER 23 STUDY GUIDE
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Introduction for Chapter 24
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 24
What were some of the global consequences of European industrialization?
The Rise of Global Inequality
The World Market
The Opening of China
Japan and the United States
Western Penetration of Egypt
How was massive migration an integral part of Western expansion?
The Pressure of Population
European Emigration
Asian Emigration
How did Western imperialism change after 1880?
The European Presence in Africa Before 1880
The Scramble for Africa After 1880
Individuals in Society: Cecil Rhodes
Imperialism in Asia
Causes of the New Imperialism
A “Civilizing Mission”
Orientalism
Quiz for Picturing the Past: Orientalism in Art and Everyday Life
Critics of Imperialism
What was the general pattern of non-Western responses to Western expansion?
The Pattern of Response
Empire in India
The Example of Japan
Toward Revolution in China
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
CHAPTER 24 STUDY GUIDE
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Introduction for Chapter 25
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 25
What caused the outbreak of the First World War?
Growing International Conflict
The Mood of 1914
The Outbreak of War
How did the First World War differ from previous wars?
Stalemate and Slaughter on the Western Front
The Widening War
In what ways did the war transform life on the home front?
Mobilizing for Total War
The Social Impact
Individuals in Society: Vera Brittain
Growing Political Tensions
Quiz for Picturing the Past: Wartime Propaganda Posters
Why did world war lead to revolution in Russia, and what was its outcome?
The Fall of Imperial Russia
The Provisional Government
Lenin and the Bolshevik Revolution
Trotsky and the Seizure of Power
Dictatorship and Civil War
In what ways was the Allied peace settlement flawed?
The End of the War
Revolution in Austria-Hungary and Germany
The Treaty of Versailles
The Peace Settlement in the Middle East
The Human Costs of the War
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
CHAPTER 25 STUDY GUIDE
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Step 2: Explain Why It Matters
Step 3: Move Beyond the Basics
Step 4: Put it All Together
In Your Own Words
Introduction for Chapter 26
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 26
How did intellectual developments reflect the general crisis in Western thought?
Modern Philosophy
The Revival of Christianity
The New Physics
Freudian Psychology
How did modernism revolutionize Western culture?
Architecture and Design
New Artistic Movements
Twentieth-Century Literature
Modern Music
How did consumer society change everyday life?
Quiz for Picturing the Past: The Modern Girl: Image or Reality?
Mass Culture
The Appeal of Cinema
The Arrival of Radio
What obstacles to lasting peace did European leaders face?
Germany and the Western Powers
Individuals in Society: Gustav Stresemann
Hope in Foreign Affairs
Hope in Democratic Government
What were the causes and consequences of the Great Depression?
The Economic Crisis
Mass Unemployment
The New Deal in the United States
The Scandinavian Response to the Depression
Recovery and Reform in Britain and France
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
CHAPTER 26 STUDY GUIDE
Step 1: Get Started Online
Step 2: Explain Why It Matters
Step 3: Move Beyond the Basics
Step 4: Put it All Together
In Your Own Words
Introduction for Chapter 27
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 27
How were Fascist and Communist totalitarian dictatorships similar and different?
Conservative Authoritarianism and Radical Totalitarian Dictatorships
Quiz for Picturing the Past: The Appeal of Propaganda
Communism and Fascism
How did Stalin and the Communist Party build a totalitarian state in the Soviet Union?
From Lenin to Stalin
The Five-Year Plans
Life and Culture in Soviet Society
Stalinist Terror and the Great Purges
What kind of government did Mussolini establish in Italy?
The Seizure of Power
The Regime in Action
What policies did Nazi Germany pursue, and how did they lead to World War II?
The Roots of National Socialism
Hitler’s Road to Power
State and Society in Nazi Germany
Popular Support for National Socialism
Aggression and Appeasement
What explains the Allied victory in World War II?
German Victories in Europe
Europe Under Nazi Occupation
The Holocaust
Individuals in Society: Primo Levi
Japanese Empire and the War in the Pacific
The “Hinge of Fate”
Allied Victory
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
CHAPTER 27 STUDY GUIDE
Step 1: Get Started Online
Step 2: Explain Why It Matters
Step 3: Move Beyond the Basics
Step 4: Put it All Together
In Your Own Words
Introduction for Chapter 28
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 28
Why was World War II followed so quickly by the Cold War?
The Legacies of the Second World War
The Peace Settlement and Cold War Origins
West Versus East
Big Science in the Nuclear Age
Quiz for Picturing the Past: A Soviet View of the Arms Race
What were the sources of postwar recovery and stability in western Europe?
The Search for Political and Social Consensus
Toward European Unity
The Consumer Revolution
What was the pattern of postwar development in the Soviet bloc?
Postwar Life in the East Bloc
Reform and De-Stalinization
Foreign Policy and Domestic Rebellion
The Limits of Reform
What led to rapid decolonization after World War II?
Decolonization and the Global Cold War
The Struggle for Power in Asia
Independence and Conflict in the Middle East
Decolonization in Africa
What kinds of societies emerged in Europe — East and West — after 1945?
Changing Class Structures
Patterns of Postwar Migration
Individuals in Society: Armando Rodrigues
New Roles for Women
Youth Culture and the Generation Gap
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
CHAPTER 28 STUDY GUIDE
Step 1: Get Started Online
Step 2: Explain Why It Matters
Step 3: Move Beyond the Basics
Step 4: Put it All Together
In Your Own Words
Introduction for Chapter 29
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 29
Why did the postwar consensus of the 1950s break down?
Cold War Tensions Thaw
The Affluent Society
The Counterculture Movement
The United States and Vietnam
Student Revolts and 1968
The 1960s in the East Bloc
What were the consequences of economic decline in the 1970s?
Economic Crisis and Hardship
The New Conservatism
Individuals in Society: Margaret Thatcher
Challenges and Victories for Women
The Rise of the Environmental Movement
Quiz for Picturing the Past: Green Party Representatives Enter Parliament
Separatism and Right-Wing Extremism
What led to the decline of Soviet power in the East Bloc?
State and Society in the East Bloc
Dissent in Czechoslovakia and Poland
From Détente Back to Cold War
Gorbachev’s Reforms in the Soviet Union
Why did revolution sweep through the East Bloc in 1989?
The Collapse of Communism in the East Bloc
German Unification and the End of the Cold War
The Disintegration of the Soviet Union
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
CHAPTER 29 STUDY GUIDE
Step 1: Get Started Online
Step 2: Explain Why It Matters
Step 3: Move Beyond the Basics
Step 4: Put it All Together
In Your Own Words
Introduction for Chapter 30
Guided Reading Exercise for Chapter 30
How did life change in Russia and the former East Bloc countries after 1989?
Economic Shock Therapy in Russia
Russian Revival Under Vladimir Putin
Coping with Change in the Former East Bloc
Tragedy in Yugoslavia
How did globalization affect European life and society?
The Global Economy
The New European Union
Supranational Organizations
The Human Side of Globalization
Life in the Digital Age
What are the main causes and effects of growing ethnic diversity in contemporary Europe?
The Prospect of Population Decline
Changing Immigration Flows
Ethnic Diversity in Contemporary Europe
Quiz for Picturing the Past: National Front Campaign Poster
Europe and Its Muslim Citizens
Individuals in Society: Tariq Ramadan
What challenges will Europeans face in the coming decades?
Growing Strains in U.S.-European Relations
Turmoil in the Muslim World
The Global Recession and the Viability of the Eurozone
Dependence on Fossil Fuels
Climate Change and Environmental Degradation
Promoting Human Rights
Looking Back, Looking Ahead
CHAPTER 30 STUDY GUIDE
Step 1: Get Started Online
Step 2: Explain Why It Matters
Step 3: Move Beyond the Basics
Step 4: Put it All Together
In Your Own Words