How did climate change shape the late Middle Ages?

TTOWARD THE END OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY, the expanding European economy began to slow down. In the first half of the fourteenth century, Europe experienced ongoing climate change that led to lower levels of food production, which had dramatic and disastrous ripple effects.

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Death from FamineIn this fifteenth-century painting, dead bodies lie in the middle of a path, while a funeral procession at the right includes a man with an adult’s coffin and a woman with the coffin of an infant under her arm. People did not simply allow the dead to lie in the street in medieval Europe, though during famines and epidemics it was sometimes difficult to maintain normal burial procedures. (Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY)