13. Reformations and Religious Wars, 1500–1600
>What were the causes and consequences of religious division in sixteenth-
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>What were the central ideas of the early reformers?
>How did politics in Germany shape the course of the Reformation?
>How did Protestant ideas and institutions spread beyond German-speaking lands?
>What reforms did the Catholic Church make?
>What were the causes and consequences of religious violence?
1517 | 1542 |
– Martin Luther writes “Ninety- |
– Pope Paul III establishes the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition |
1521 | 1545– |
– Diet of Worms | – Council of Trent |
1521– |
1553– |
– Habsburg- |
– Reign of Mary Tudor and temporary restoration of Catholicism in England |
1525 | 1555 |
– German Peasants’ War | – Peace of Augsburg; official recognition of Lutheranism |
1526 | 1558– |
– Turkish victory at Mohács, which allows spread of Protestantism in Hungary | – Reign of Elizabeth in England |
1530s | 1560– |
– Henry VIII ends the authority of the pope in England | – Height of the European witch- |
1535 | 1568– |
– Angela Merici establishes the Ursulines as first women’s teaching order | – Civil war in the Netherlands |
1536 | 1572 |
– John Calvin publishes The Institutes of the Christian Religion | – Saint Bartholomew’s Day massacre |
1540 | 1588 |
– Papal approval of Society of Jesus (Jesuits) | – England defeats Spanish Armada |
1598 | |
– Edict of Nantes |