What was the impact of European conquest on the New World?

TTHE GROWING EUROPEAN PRESENCE in the New World transformed its land and its peoples forever. Violence and disease wrought devastating losses, while surviving peoples encountered new political, social, and economic organizations imposed by Europeans. The Columbian exchange brought infectious diseases to the Americas, but it also gave new crops to the Old World that altered consumption patterns in Europe and across the globe (see "The Columbian Exchange").

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Mixed Race ProcessionIncas used drinking vessels, known as keros, for the ritual consumption of maize beer at feasts. This kero from the early colonial period shows a procession including an Incan leader preceded by a Spanish trumpet player and an African drummer. This is believed to be one of the earliest representations of an African in the Americas. (akg-images/Werner Forman)