>How did the forces unleashed by the French and Industrial Revolutions shape European politics in the first half of the nineteenth century? Chapter 21 examines political and cultural developments in the first half of the nineteenth century. Attempts to manage the progressive forces associated with the French Revolution led first to a reassertion of conservative political control in continental Europe. The political and cultural innovations unleashed by the French Revolution and industrialization proved difficult to contain, however. In politics, powerful new ideologies — liberalism, nationalism, and socialism — emerged to oppose conservatism. In literature, art, and music, romanticism captured the intensity of the era. A successful revolution in Greece, liberal reform in Great Britain, and popular unrest in France gave voice to ordinary people’s desire for political and social change. All these movements helped launch the great wave of revolutions that swept across Europe in 1848.