CONSERVATISM AND ITS OPPONENTS

What were the goals of the participants in the Congress of Vienna? How did their experience of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars shape their vision of postwar Europe?

How did liberals tend to see the relationship between the individual and the marketplace? What about between “the people” and the nation? What policies and programs did liberals advance on the basis of these beliefs?

THE ROMANTIC MOVEMENT

Compare and contrast romantic and Enlightenment views of nature and religion. What do the differences you note tell us about the essential characteristics of each movement?

How did romantics see the individual? In their view, what was each person’s supreme purpose in life?

REFORM AND REVOLUTION

Compare and contrast Britain and France in 1830. How did Britain avoid the revolutionary upheaval that exploded in France in 1830?

What explains the near simultaneous eruption of revolution across Europe in 1848, and why did all these revolutions fail?

MAKE CONNECTIONS

How did memories of the French Revolution shape and inspire nineteenth-century political ideologies?

Defend or refute the following statement: “The basic parameters of modern political debate emerged out of the ideological clashes of the first half of the nineteenth century.”